This paper proposes a fast depth-constrained technology mapping algorithm for logic-blocks composed of tree-structured lookup tables. First, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes the number of logic-blocks if an input Boolean network is a tree. Second, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes logic depth for any input Boolean network. Finally, we combine those two technology mapping algorithms and propose an algorithm which realizes technology mapping whose depth is bounded by a given upper bound dc. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

The coming information society will require images at the high end of the quality range. By using a new method which focuses on the assessment words of the high order sensation, we are investigating the important physical factors for the difficult reproduction of high level, high quality sensation in the electronic capture and display of images. We have found a key assessment word "image depth" that describes appropriately the high order subjective sensation that is indispensable for the display of extra high quality images. Related to the depth of images, we have discovered a new physical factor and the degree of precision required of already known physical factors for the display of extra high quality images. The cross modulation among R, G and B signals is the newly discovered important physical factor affecting the quality of an electronic display. In addition, we have found that very strict control of distortion in the gamma and the step response and the strict suppression of the halation in a CRT display are necessary. We note that aliasing of the displayed images also destroys the sensation of depth. This paper first outlines the overall objective of our work, second considers the important physical factors as important for extra high quality imaging, and then describes the specific effects of cross modulation distortion, gamma, step response, halation and aliasing as they relate to image depth. Finally, the relation of the discussed physical factors with the high order sensation are discussed broadly.

This paper first investigates a relationship between inkdot-depth and inkdot-size of inkdot two-way alternating Turing machines and pushdown automata with sublogarithmic space, and shows that there exists a language accepted by a strongly loglog n space-bounded alternating pushdown automaton with inkdot-depth 1, but not accepted by any weakly o (log n) space-bounded and d (n) inkdot-size bounded alternating Turing machine, for any function d (n) such that limn [d (n)log n/n1/2] = 0. In this paper, we also show that there exists an infinite space hierarchy among two-way alternating pushdown automata with sublogarithmic space.

We developed a 1200 dots-per-inch light emitting diode array (1200 dpi LED array) chip using a GaAs0.8 P0.2 epitaxial substrate for the first time. One LED array chip consists of 256 LEDs. In general, LED arrays are fabricated by vapor-phase zinc diffusion. From the viewpoint that shallow junctions should be formed to fabricate a very high-density LED array, solid-phase diffusion seems to be more suitable. We fabricated the LED array using selectively-masked solid-phase zinc diffusion, and the diffusion depth was controlled at 1 µm. The diffusion depth was uniform under the diffusion window. The ratio of the length of lateral diffusion to the diffusion depth was about 1.7. These features imply that Zn diffusion was well controlled. In the Zn diffusion, the carrier concentration in the Zn diffusion region was high enough and the sheet resistance of the diffusion region with a diffusion depth of 1 µm was low enough to obtain a sufficient level of emitted light power. The results of performance tests showed that the characteristics of the LED array chip are satisfactory for application in optical printer print heads, because of the array's highly-resolved near-field pattern characteristic, ample emitted light power, low emitted-light-power deviation, and long life.

This paper introduces a new method to recover 3-D road plane from its 2-D monocular perspective image. The research is aimed at the reconstruction of depth information from the 2-D visual input in road following and navigation. Planar road model is considered and the road-centered coordinate system which forms slope and turn angles with camera-centered coordinate system is used to describe boundary points on road plane. We develop approaches to find matching points of boundaries of road and to obtain angular parameters thereafter. A way of finding depth of matching points from the perspective images and angular parameters together is proposed. Therefore the 3-D road reconstruction can be replicated without introducing any parameters of inverse perspective.

This paper presents a new method for solving the structure-from-motion problem for optical flow. The fact that the structure-from-motion problem can be simplified by using the linearization technique is well known. However, it has been pointed out that the linearization technique reduces the accuracy of the computation. In this paper, we overcome this disadvantage by correcting the linearized solution in a statistically optimal way. Computer simulation experiments show that our method yields an unbiased estimator of the motion parameters which almost attains the theoretical bound on accuracy. Our method also enables us to evaluate the reliability of the reconstructed structure in the form of the covariance matrix. Real-image experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

This paper deals with a high-speed digital circuit for discrete cosine transform (DCT). We propose a new algorithm that reduces the number of calculations for partial sum-of-products in the DCT and synthesize the small gate depth circuit of DCT by using carry-propagation-free adders based on redundant binary {1,0,1} representation. The gate depth is only half to one third that of the conventional algorithms with the same number of gates.

This paper presents a modified disparity measurement to recover the depth and a robust method to estimate motion parameters. First, this paper considers phase correspondence for the computation of disparity. It has less computation for disparity than previous methods that use the disparity from correspondence and from correlation. This modified disparity measurement uses the Gabor filter to analyze the local phase property and the exponential filter to analyze the global phase property. These two phases are added to make quasi-linear phases of the stereo image channels which are used for the stereo disparity finding and the structure recovery of scene. Then, we use feature-based correspondence to find the corresponding feature points in temporal image pair. Finally, we combine the depth map and use disparity motion stereo to estimate 3-D motion parameters.

This paper presents an experimental study on the penetration characteristics of submillimeter waves in biological tissues and material. The measured values of the penetration depth in excised natural muscle, fat, and aqueous solution of protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), over the wavelengths of 281 through 496µm are presented. Penetration depths at these wavelengths are 0.11-0.17mm in the natural pork muscle, and 0.69-0.98mm in the natural pork fat, and are the larger at the longer wavelengths. The values vary considerably from sample to sample. Since the measurement of the penetration depth in this study is shown sufficiently reproducible, the variation of the measured penetration depth is attributed to the variation of natural tissues such as that in water content. It is found that the penetration depth of submillimeter waves in aqueous solution of BSA depends almost linearly on the amount of protein content in the solution, and that the typical values of the penetration depth in the natural muscle roughly agree with that in the 35% aqueous solution of BSA in the submillimeter-wave region.

Optical parameters of KrF excimer laser stepper are optimized for 0.25 µm level patterning by means of a light intensity simulation method. The light intensity simulation method is applied conventional and two modified illuminations (annular and 4-point) to improve the depth of focus (DOF) at 0.25 µm periodic lines and spaces pattern (L&S). Simulation results obtained are; (1) the DOF of conventional illumination is not sufficient even in the optimum condition (NA=0.5, σ=0.8), (2) more than 1.5 µm DOF could be achieved with an annular illumination, if present resist performance is improved slightly, and (3) wider DOF is obtained in the case of with 4-point illumination. However, the DOF is rather degraded in the specific sized (near double/triple sized) region and oblique pattern, therefore the application of this illumination is restricted into some specific mask layout pattern.

This paper describes the reliability on recess type T-shaped gate HEMTs and their major failure mechanism investigated by accelerated life tests and following failure analysis. In this study, high temperature storage tests with a DC bias condition have been conducted on three different recess depths of 100, 125, and 150 nm. The results have clarified that the shallow recess devices of under 125 nm depth have no degration in minimum noise figure Fmin or gain Ga characteristics, indicating that standard HEMT devices, whose recess depth is chosen to be far under 125 nm, possess a sufficient reliability level. However, the devices with deep recess of 150 nm have shown degradation in both Fmin and Ga. Precise failure analyses including SEM observation and von Mises stress simulation have firstly revealed that the main failure mode in deeply recessed T-shaped gate HEMTs is increase in gate electrode's parasitic resistance Rg, which is caused by separation of "head" and "stem" parts of the T-shaped gate electrode due to thermo-mechanical stress concentration.

This letter presents an algorithm named SPM which generates test patterns for single stuck-at faults in synchronous sequential circuits based on a product machine traversal method. The new idea presented in this letter is partitioned image computation combined with a mixed breadth-first/depth-first search. Image computation is carried out in partitioned manner by substituting constant logical values to some input variables. This brings about significant reduction in storage requirement during image computation. A test generator based on SPM achieved 100% fault efficiency for the ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits with not more than 32 flip-flops.

To clarify the stereopsis disturbance in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we analyzed binocular eye movement when subjects shifted their gaze between targets at different depths. Subjects are patients with Alzheimer's disease, Mluti-infarct dementia (MID), or Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), and healthy controls. Targets are arranged in two ways: along the median plane and asymmetrically crossing the median plane, at distances from the eyes of 1000 mm and 300 mm. When the targets are switched at the onset of a beep, the subjects shifted their gaze to the lit target. The experiment is conducted in a dimly lit room whose structure is capable of providing good binocular cues for depth. In AD subjects, especially in the subjects whose symptoms are moderate (advanced stage), vergence is limited and the change in the convergence angle is small, unstable, and non-uniform. These results are different from those of other patients (MID) and OPCA) or healthy controls and suggest a disturbance of stereopsis in the parietal lobe where AD patients typically have dysfunctions.

Fabrication of 0.2 to 0.3 µm features is vital for future ultralarge scale integration devices. An area of particular concern is whether optical lithography can delineate such feature sizes, i.e., less than the exposure wavelength. The use of a phase shift mask is one of the most effective means of improving resolution in optical lithography. This technology basically makes use of the interference between light transmitting through adjacent apertures of the mask. Various types of phase shift masks and their imaging characteristics are discussed and compared with conventional normal transmission masks. To apply these masks effectively to practical patterns, a phase shifter pattern design tool and mask repair method must be established. The phase shifting technology offers a potential to fabricate 0.3 µm features by using the current i-line stepper, and 0.2 µm features by using excimer laser stepper.

New illumination principle for photolithography is investigated. As the optical microlithography approaches its own limit, it becomes apparent that the simple extrapolation of the present technology is not sufficient for the future demands. This paper introduces the new imaging technology that overcomes such a boundary. First, the basic imaging formulae are analyzed and the illumination light is classified into 4 cases. 3-beam case and 2-beam case carry the object information, and the comparison of these 2 cases is carried out theoretically. It can be shown that the 2-beam case has greater depth of focus than that of the 3-beam case, though it has inferior contrast at the best focus. Since this degradation, however, has little effect, the enlargement of the depth of focus can be achieved. In reality, 2-dimensional imaging must be considered. Quadrupole effect can be deduced by the results of the analysis. It shows great improvement in the depth of focus near resolution limit. As it can be applied to the conventional masks, it can be a promising candidate for fhe future lithography. Experimental results are also shown to demonstrate the analysis.

We analyzed vergence change by moving both the target and the subject toward depth direction simultaneously. It has been suggested that the command for vergence movement caused by depth-direction-head-movement and that caused by target movement are generated separately, then combined in the oculomotor system.

The subject of the paper is to propose a simple O(|V|+|E|) algorithm for finding all 3-edge-components of a given undirected multigraph G=(V, E). An 3-edge-connected component of G is defined as a maximal set of vertices such that G has at least three edge-disjoint paths between every pair of vertices in the set. The algorithm is based on the depth-first search (DFS) technique. For any fixed DFS-tree T of G, cutpairs of G are partitioned into two types: a type 1 pair consists of an edge of T and a back edge; a type 2 pair consists of two edges of T. All type 1 pairs can easily be determined in O(|V|+|E|) time. The point is that an edge set KE(T) in which any type 2 pair is included can be found in O(|V|+|E|) time. All 3-edge-components of G appear as connected components if we delete from G all edges contained in type 1 pairs or in the edge set KE(T).