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It is the purpose of this paper to review the generation of quantized voltage steps in Josephson-junctions, and also the recent practical application of these precise measurements. A 10-V Josephson-junction-array-voltage standard system has been established with a Josephson-junction-array, a phase-locked millimeter wave, and a precise null-detection system. Based on these technologies, the AC Josephson effect has been applied to other precise measurements such as DC error voltage of a multi-integrating analog-to-digital converter and for a pulse-width-modulation type precise voltage calibrator.
Tadashi ENDO Yasuhiko SAKAMOTO Yasushi MURAYAMA Akio IWASA Haruo YOSHIDA
Recenty, the Josephson effect-based voltage standard has been realized by using the Josephson junction array which is constructed by integrating many Josephson junctions. In this article, the 1-V Josephson-junction-array voltage standard used in routine calibration work and further development of the 10-V Josephson junction array at the Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL) are introduced.