Modeling Upper Layer Reaction to QoS Degradation as a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism

Shigeaki HARADA; Keisuke ISHIBASHI; Ryoichi KAWAHARA

doi:10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications

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Modeling Upper Layer Reaction to QoS Degradation as a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism

Shigeaki HARADA, Keisuke ISHIBASHI, Ryoichi KAWAHARA

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On the Internet, end hosts and network nodes interdependently work to smoothly transfer traffic. Observed traffic dynamics are the result of those interactions among those entities. To manage Internet traffic to provide satisfactory quality services, such dynamics need to be well understood to predict traffic patterns. In particular, some nodes have a function that sends back-pressure signals to backward nodes to reduce their sending rate and mitigate congestion. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control in end-hosts also mitigates traffic deviation to eliminate temporary congestion by reducing the TCP sending rate. How these congestion controls mitigate congestion has been extensively investigated. However, these controls only throttle their sending rate but do not reduce traffic volume. Such congestion control fails if congestion is persistent, e.g., for hours, because unsent traffic demand will infinitely accumulate. However, on the actual Internet, even with persistent congestion, such accumulation does not seem to occur. During congestion, users and/or applications tend to reduce their traffic demand in reaction to quality of service (QoS) degradation to avoid negative service experience. We previously estimated that 2% packet loss results in 23% traffic reduction because of this upper-layer reaction [1]. We view this reduction as an upper-layer congestion-avoidance mechanism and construct a closed-loop model of this mechanism, which we call the Upper-Layer Closed-Loop (ULCL) model. We also show that by using ULCL, we can predict the degree of QoS degradation and traffic reduction as an equilibrium of the feedback loop. We applied our model to traffic and packet-loss ratio time series data gathered in an actual network and demonstrate that it effectively estimates actual traffic and packet-loss ratio.

Publication: IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications Vol.E103-B No.4 pp.302-311

Publication Date: 2020/04/01

Publicized: 2019/11/14

Online ISSN: 1745-1345

DOI: 10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001

Type of Manuscript: Special Section INVITED PAPER (Special Section on Network Resource Control and Management Technologies for Sustainable Social Information Infrastructure)

Category

Authors

Shigeaki HARADA
  NTT Corporation
Keisuke ISHIBASHI
  International Christian University
Ryoichi KAWAHARA
  Toyo University

Keyword

closed loop, congestion avoidance, latent traffic demand

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Shigeaki HARADA, Keisuke ISHIBASHI, Ryoichi KAWAHARA, "Modeling Upper Layer Reaction to QoS Degradation as a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism" in IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications, vol. E103-B, no. 4, pp. 302-311, April 2020, doi: 10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001.
Abstract: On the Internet, end hosts and network nodes interdependently work to smoothly transfer traffic. Observed traffic dynamics are the result of those interactions among those entities. To manage Internet traffic to provide satisfactory quality services, such dynamics need to be well understood to predict traffic patterns. In particular, some nodes have a function that sends back-pressure signals to backward nodes to reduce their sending rate and mitigate congestion. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control in end-hosts also mitigates traffic deviation to eliminate temporary congestion by reducing the TCP sending rate. How these congestion controls mitigate congestion has been extensively investigated. However, these controls only throttle their sending rate but do not reduce traffic volume. Such congestion control fails if congestion is persistent, e.g., for hours, because unsent traffic demand will infinitely accumulate. However, on the actual Internet, even with persistent congestion, such accumulation does not seem to occur. During congestion, users and/or applications tend to reduce their traffic demand in reaction to quality of service (QoS) degradation to avoid negative service experience. We previously estimated that 2% packet loss results in 23% traffic reduction because of this upper-layer reaction [1]. We view this reduction as an upper-layer congestion-avoidance mechanism and construct a closed-loop model of this mechanism, which we call the Upper-Layer Closed-Loop (ULCL) model. We also show that by using ULCL, we can predict the degree of QoS degradation and traffic reduction as an equilibrium of the feedback loop. We applied our model to traffic and packet-loss ratio time series data gathered in an actual network and demonstrate that it effectively estimates actual traffic and packet-loss ratio.
URL: https://global.ieice.org/en_transactions/communications/10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001/_p

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@ARTICLE{e103-b_4_302,
author={Shigeaki HARADA, Keisuke ISHIBASHI, Ryoichi KAWAHARA, },
journal={IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications},
title={Modeling Upper Layer Reaction to QoS Degradation as a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism},
year={2020},
volume={E103-B},
number={4},
pages={302-311},
abstract={On the Internet, end hosts and network nodes interdependently work to smoothly transfer traffic. Observed traffic dynamics are the result of those interactions among those entities. To manage Internet traffic to provide satisfactory quality services, such dynamics need to be well understood to predict traffic patterns. In particular, some nodes have a function that sends back-pressure signals to backward nodes to reduce their sending rate and mitigate congestion. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control in end-hosts also mitigates traffic deviation to eliminate temporary congestion by reducing the TCP sending rate. How these congestion controls mitigate congestion has been extensively investigated. However, these controls only throttle their sending rate but do not reduce traffic volume. Such congestion control fails if congestion is persistent, e.g., for hours, because unsent traffic demand will infinitely accumulate. However, on the actual Internet, even with persistent congestion, such accumulation does not seem to occur. During congestion, users and/or applications tend to reduce their traffic demand in reaction to quality of service (QoS) degradation to avoid negative service experience. We previously estimated that 2% packet loss results in 23% traffic reduction because of this upper-layer reaction [1]. We view this reduction as an upper-layer congestion-avoidance mechanism and construct a closed-loop model of this mechanism, which we call the Upper-Layer Closed-Loop (ULCL) model. We also show that by using ULCL, we can predict the degree of QoS degradation and traffic reduction as an equilibrium of the feedback loop. We applied our model to traffic and packet-loss ratio time series data gathered in an actual network and demonstrate that it effectively estimates actual traffic and packet-loss ratio.},
keywords={},
doi={10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001},
ISSN={1745-1345},
month={April},}

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TY - JOUR
TI - Modeling Upper Layer Reaction to QoS Degradation as a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism
T2 - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications
SP - 302
EP - 311
AU - Shigeaki HARADA
AU - Keisuke ISHIBASHI
AU - Ryoichi KAWAHARA
PY - 2020
DO - 10.1587/transcom.2019NRI0001
JO - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications
SN - 1745-1345
VL - E103-B
IS - 4
JA - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications
Y1 - April 2020
AB - On the Internet, end hosts and network nodes interdependently work to smoothly transfer traffic. Observed traffic dynamics are the result of those interactions among those entities. To manage Internet traffic to provide satisfactory quality services, such dynamics need to be well understood to predict traffic patterns. In particular, some nodes have a function that sends back-pressure signals to backward nodes to reduce their sending rate and mitigate congestion. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control in end-hosts also mitigates traffic deviation to eliminate temporary congestion by reducing the TCP sending rate. How these congestion controls mitigate congestion has been extensively investigated. However, these controls only throttle their sending rate but do not reduce traffic volume. Such congestion control fails if congestion is persistent, e.g., for hours, because unsent traffic demand will infinitely accumulate. However, on the actual Internet, even with persistent congestion, such accumulation does not seem to occur. During congestion, users and/or applications tend to reduce their traffic demand in reaction to quality of service (QoS) degradation to avoid negative service experience. We previously estimated that 2% packet loss results in 23% traffic reduction because of this upper-layer reaction [1]. We view this reduction as an upper-layer congestion-avoidance mechanism and construct a closed-loop model of this mechanism, which we call the Upper-Layer Closed-Loop (ULCL) model. We also show that by using ULCL, we can predict the degree of QoS degradation and traffic reduction as an equilibrium of the feedback loop. We applied our model to traffic and packet-loss ratio time series data gathered in an actual network and demonstrate that it effectively estimates actual traffic and packet-loss ratio.
ER -

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications