Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract

Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA; Ryohei BANNO; Kazuyuki SHUDO

doi:10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139

Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract

Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA, Ryohei BANNO, Kazuyuki SHUDO

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In Bitcoin and Ethereum, nodes require a large storage capacity to maintain all of the blockchain data such as transactions. As of September 2021, the storage size of the Bitcoin blockchain has expanded to 355 GB, and it has increased by approximately 50 GB every year over the last five years. This storage requirement is a major hurdle to becoming a block proposer or validator. We propose an architecture called Trail that allows nodes to hold all blocks in a small storage and to generate and validate blocks and transactions. A node in Trail holds all blocks without transactions, UTXOs or account balances. The block size is approximately 8 kB, which is 100 times smaller than that of Bitcoin. On the other hand, a client who issues transactions needs to hold proof of its assets. Thus, compared to traditional blockchains, clients must store additional data. We show that proper data archiving can keep the account device storage size small. Then, we propose a method of executing smart contracts in Trail using a threshold signature. Trail allows more users to be block proposers and validators and improves the decentralization and security of the blockchain.

Publication: IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information Vol.E105-D No.2 pp.333-343

Publication Date: 2022/02/01

Publicized: 2021/11/09

Online ISSN: 1745-1361

DOI: 10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139

Type of Manuscript: PAPER

Category: Data Engineering, Web Information Systems

Authors

Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA
  Tokyo Institute of Technology
Ryohei BANNO
  Tokyo Institute of Technology
Kazuyuki SHUDO
  Tokyo Institute of Technology

Keyword

blockchain, storage consumption, accumulator

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Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA, Ryohei BANNO, Kazuyuki SHUDO, "Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract" in IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information, vol. E105-D, no. 2, pp. 333-343, February 2022, doi: 10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139.
Abstract: In Bitcoin and Ethereum, nodes require a large storage capacity to maintain all of the blockchain data such as transactions. As of September 2021, the storage size of the Bitcoin blockchain has expanded to 355 GB, and it has increased by approximately 50 GB every year over the last five years. This storage requirement is a major hurdle to becoming a block proposer or validator. We propose an architecture called Trail that allows nodes to hold all blocks in a small storage and to generate and validate blocks and transactions. A node in Trail holds all blocks without transactions, UTXOs or account balances. The block size is approximately 8 kB, which is 100 times smaller than that of Bitcoin. On the other hand, a client who issues transactions needs to hold proof of its assets. Thus, compared to traditional blockchains, clients must store additional data. We show that proper data archiving can keep the account device storage size small. Then, we propose a method of executing smart contracts in Trail using a threshold signature. Trail allows more users to be block proposers and validators and improves the decentralization and security of the blockchain.
URL: https://global.ieice.org/en_transactions/information/10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139/_p

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@ARTICLE{e105-d_2_333,
author={Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA, Ryohei BANNO, Kazuyuki SHUDO, },
journal={IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information},
title={Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract},
year={2022},
volume={E105-D},
number={2},
pages={333-343},
abstract={In Bitcoin and Ethereum, nodes require a large storage capacity to maintain all of the blockchain data such as transactions. As of September 2021, the storage size of the Bitcoin blockchain has expanded to 355 GB, and it has increased by approximately 50 GB every year over the last five years. This storage requirement is a major hurdle to becoming a block proposer or validator. We propose an architecture called Trail that allows nodes to hold all blocks in a small storage and to generate and validate blocks and transactions. A node in Trail holds all blocks without transactions, UTXOs or account balances. The block size is approximately 8 kB, which is 100 times smaller than that of Bitcoin. On the other hand, a client who issues transactions needs to hold proof of its assets. Thus, compared to traditional blockchains, clients must store additional data. We show that proper data archiving can keep the account device storage size small. Then, we propose a method of executing smart contracts in Trail using a threshold signature. Trail allows more users to be block proposers and validators and improves the decentralization and security of the blockchain.},
keywords={},
doi={10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139},
ISSN={1745-1361},
month={February},}

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TY - JOUR
TI - Trail: An Architecture for Compact UTXO-Based Blockchain and Smart Contract
T2 - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
SP - 333
EP - 343
AU - Ryunosuke NAGAYAMA
AU - Ryohei BANNO
AU - Kazuyuki SHUDO
PY - 2022
DO - 10.1587/transinf.2021EDP7139
JO - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
SN - 1745-1361
VL - E105-D
IS - 2
JA - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
Y1 - February 2022
AB - In Bitcoin and Ethereum, nodes require a large storage capacity to maintain all of the blockchain data such as transactions. As of September 2021, the storage size of the Bitcoin blockchain has expanded to 355 GB, and it has increased by approximately 50 GB every year over the last five years. This storage requirement is a major hurdle to becoming a block proposer or validator. We propose an architecture called Trail that allows nodes to hold all blocks in a small storage and to generate and validate blocks and transactions. A node in Trail holds all blocks without transactions, UTXOs or account balances. The block size is approximately 8 kB, which is 100 times smaller than that of Bitcoin. On the other hand, a client who issues transactions needs to hold proof of its assets. Thus, compared to traditional blockchains, clients must store additional data. We show that proper data archiving can keep the account device storage size small. Then, we propose a method of executing smart contracts in Trail using a threshold signature. Trail allows more users to be block proposers and validators and improves the decentralization and security of the blockchain.
ER -