This letter proposes a new adaptive power management mechanism (APM2) which takes into account the remaining energy in an IEEE 802.16e system. Benefits of the mechanism are the reduction of frame response delay in a state with sufficient remaining energy, and an increase in the life of a station in a state of insufficient remaining energy. An analytical model for sleep mode operation is developed, and the proposed mechanism is validated by computer simulation.

Although wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) is known as a high-speed transfer, it creates high channel costs per subscriber and low bandwidth utilization due to the fact that a wavelength is dedicated to each subscriber. Thus, it is imperative to reduce channel costs per subscriber and improve the bandwidth utilization. To achieve these, we first adopt a existing WDM-PON, which uses the bidirectional transmission with a single source for cost-efficiency by employing a gain-saturated reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). Secondly, based on the existing WDM-PON, we propose an enhanced hybrid WDM/TDM-PON, which can extend the number of subscribers supported in each wavelength with splitters in the physical layer and a shared-time division duplex (TDD) frame format in the media access control (MAC) layer. Moreover, it can adaptively control the bandwidth through a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme according to the volume of traffic. Compared to the non TDD-based hybrid WDM/TDM-PON, it can reduce channel costs per subscriber from the extended number of subscribers supported in each wavelength. Furthermore, due to the DBA, it can improve the total queueing delay and throughput, and thus increase the bandwidth utilization.