Recently, pairing-based cryptographic application sch-emes have attracted much attentions. In order to make the schemes more efficient, not only pairing algorithm but also arithmetic operations in extension field need to be efficient. For this purpose, the authors have proposed a series of cyclic vector multiplication algorithms (CVMAs) corresponding to the adopted bases such as type-I optimal normal basis (ONB). Note here that every basis adapted for the conventional CVMAs are just special classes of Gauss period normal bases (GNBs). In general, GNB is characterized with a certain positive integer h in addition to characteristic p and extension degree m, namely type-⟨h.m⟩ GNB in extension field Fpm. The parameter h needs to satisfy some conditions and such a positive integer h infinitely exists. From the viewpoint of the calculation cost of CVMA, it is preferred to be small. Thus, the minimal one denoted by hmin will be adapted. This paper focuses on two remaining problems: 1) CVMA has not been expanded for general GNBs yet and 2) the minimal hmin sometimes becomes large and it causes an inefficient case. First, this paper expands CVMA for general GNBs. It will improve some critical cases with large hmin reported in the conventional works. After that, this paper shows a theorem that, for a fixed prime number r, other prime numbers modulo r uniformly distribute between 1 to r-1. Then, based on this theorem, the existence probability of type-⟨hmin,m⟩ GNB in Fpm and also the expected value of hmin are explicitly given.

A lot of improvements and optimizations for the hardware implementation of SubBytes of Rijndael, in detail inversion in F28 have been reported. Instead of the Rijndael original F28, it is known that its isomorphic tower field F((22)2)2 has a more efficient inversion. Then, some conversion matrices are also needed for connecting these isomorphic binary fields. According to the previous works, it is said that the number of 1's in the conversion matrices is preferred to be small; however, they have not focused on the Hamming weights of the row vectors of the matrices. It plays an important role for the calculation architecture, in detail critical path delays. This paper shows the existence of efficient conversion matrices whose row vectors all have the Hamming weights less than or equal to 4. They are introduced as quite rare cases. Then, it is pointed out that such efficient conversion matrices can connect the Rijndael original F28 to some less efficient inversions in F((22)2)2 but not to the most efficient ones. In order to overcome these inconveniences, this paper next proposes a technique called mixed bases. For the towerings, most of previous works have used several kinds of bases such as polynomial and normal bases in mixture. Different from them, this paper proposes another mixture of bases that contributes to the reduction of the critical path delay of SubBytes. Then, it is shown that the proposed mixture contributes to the efficiencies of not only inversion in F((22)2)2 but also conversion matrices between the isomorphic fields F28 and F((22)2)2.

For ID-based cryptography, not only pairing but also scalar multiplication must be efficiently computable. In this paper, we propose a scalar multiplication method on the circumstances that we work at Ate pairing with Barreto-Naehrig (BN) curve. Note that the parameters of BN curve are given by a certain integer, namely mother parameter. Adhering the authors' previous policy that we execute scalar multiplication on subfield-twisted curve (Fp2) instead of doing on the original curve E(Fp12), we at first show sextic twisted subfield Frobenius mapping (ST-SFM) in (Fp2). On BN curves, note is identified with the scalar multiplication by p. However a scalar is always smaller than the order r of BN curve for Ate pairing, so ST-SFM does not directly applicable to the above circumstances. We then exploit the expressions of the curve order r and the characteristic p by the mother parameter to derive some radices such that they are expressed as a polynomial of p. Thus, a scalar multiplication [s] can be written by the series of ST-SFMs . In combination with the binary method or multi-exponentiation technique, this paper shows that the proposed method runs about twice or more faster than plain binary method.