Recently, robust speech recognition for real-world applications has attracted much attention. This paper proposes a robust speech recognition method based on the teacher-student learning framework for domain adaptation. In particular, the student network will be trained based on a novel optimization criterion defined by the encoder outputs of both teacher and student networks rather than the final output posterior probabilities, which aims to make the noisy audio map to the same embedding space as clean audio, so that the student network is adaptive in the noise domain. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed method obtained good robustness against noise.