In many applications of digital video database systems such as digital library, video data is often compressed with MPEG video algorithms. It will be an important technique to insert the additional information data like indexes and contents effectively into video database which is compressed with MPEG, because we can always deal with the additional information with video data itself easily. We propose a method for inserting optional binary data such as index information of digital library into MPEG-1 and -2 bitstreams. The binary data inserted MPEG video bitstreams using our proposed scheme are also according to the specification of the MPEG video frame structure. The proposed method allows us to extract the inserted binary data perfectly though MPEG-1 and -2 video are lossy algorithms. And the quality of decoded images after extracting added information is almost the same as that of ordinary MPEG bitstreams. Furthermore, traditional standard MPEG-1 and -2 video decoder which can not extract inserted binary data can also decode images from the binary data inserted MPEG video bitstreams without obvious image degradation. There are some different points between the proposed insertion technique of the binary data and the watermarking technique. The technique of watermarking prepares to deal with alter watermarking by others. And the technique of watermarking is required for the identification of the signature and the perfect extraction of the inserted image signature is not required in the lossy MPEG video environment. On the other hand, we have to extract all of the inserted binary information data correctly with the insertion technique of the binary information. Simulations using MPEG video sequences with inserted binary data are presented to quantify some performance factors concerned. We have not heard about inserting data method which purpose is such as index and content information insertion.

We proposed a method for embedding binary data into JPEG bitstreams and extracting embedded data from JPEG bitstreams using the standard JPEG decoder. In the proposed method, we can decode the image from JPEG bitstreams into which the binary data is embedded first using the traditional standard JPEG decoder, and then we can extract the embedded binary data perfectly by the post-processing from the decoded JPEG image. For the post-processing, we use only the decoded image data to extract the embedded binary data. Namely, we do not need any kind of particular parameters, which are used for JPEG decoding, such as quantization table value. Thus, we can use the traditional standard JPEG decoder for the pre-processing of extracting binary data. Furthermore, we address the effect of the calculation bit accuracy of discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) for extracting embedded binary data perfectly as post-processing. Simulations using extracting embedded binary data as post-processing are presented to quantify some performance factors concerned. And we confirmed that the proposed method could be of practical use.

We propose a motion estimation algorithm using less gray level images, which are composed of bits pixels lower than 8 bits pixels. Threshold values for generating low bits pixels from 8 bits pixels are simply determined as median values of pixels in a macro block. The proposed algorithm reduces the computational complexity of motion estimation at less expense of video quality. Moreover, median cut quantization can be applied to multilevel images and combined with a lot of fast algorithms to obtain more effective algorithms.