Theoretical analyses are carried out on the height dependence of the antenna factor of an EMI antenna to develop an antenna calibration method that can provide the free-space value of the antenna factor. It is found that the antenna factor in general varies with the antenna height in a quasi-periodic way with a period of about λ/2. Thus, the present paper proposes to take an average of the antenna factors over a height range of about λ/2 to obtain an accurate estimate of the free-space antenna factor. Effective antenna arrangements are also proposed for the antenna calibration. Deviations in the estimate from the free-space antenna factor are less than 0.1 dB for tuned dipoles in the frequency range above 50 MHz. But the errors increase up to 0.3 dB at about 35 MHz. For broadband antennas, the free-space antenna factor can be accurately estimated by taking the average of the antenna factors. Errors are estimated to be less than 0.3 dB in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz.

This paper presents the basic characteristics of a forced resonant type EMI dipole antenna for frequencies below 80 MHz in which two reactance elements are used for the impedance matching at the feed point. The input impedance of the short dipole less than half-wavelength is controlled by the properly determined loading position and the value of loading reactance. The integral equation for unknown current distribution is solved by Galerkin's method of moments with piecewise sinusoidal functions. The numerical results show that the small-sized EMI dipole antenna with lower antenna factors for frequencies below 80 MHz can be realized by the reactance loading. In case the proposed center driven small-sized EMI dipole antenna with 0.3λ length is loaded c=0.133λ from the center, the input impedance is matched at feed line with 50 Ω, and hence the antenna has lower factors in the frequency range of 30 to 80 MHz. Also the normalized site attenuation characteristics are presented for the forced resonant type EMI dipole antenna.

Standard Site Method (SSM) is theoretically analyzed using matrix representations to examine its validity and develop an improved method. The analysis reveals that the SSM yields an antenna factor specifically related to the effective load impedance presented by the cable and associated devices which are disconnected from the antenna during the SSM site attenuation measurements. Therefore, an additional conversion is required to determine the desired antenna factor under actual load conditions. It is also concluded that the SSM is not applicable to antennas having height-dependent antenna factors. In addition, the SSM correction factors are found to be theoretically inappropriate. Uncertainty of the antenna factor obtained using the SSM is discussed and the required antenna separation distance is investigated. To improve the existing SSM, it is proposed that both transmitting and receiving antennas are placed at the same height during the site attenuation measurements. Experiments exhibit the superiority of the improved method.