In LTE (Long Term Evolution) / LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) system, the user-plane for a user equipment (UE) is provided by tunneling, which increases header overhead, processing overhead, and management overhead. In addition, the LTE-A system does not support moving cells which are composed of a mobile Relay Node (RN) and UEs attached to the mobile RN. Although there are several proposals for moving cells in the LTE-A system and the 5G system, all of them rely on tunneling for the user-plane, which means that none of them avoid the tunneling overheads. This paper proposes MocLis, a moving cell support protocol based on a Locator/ID split approach. MocLis does not use tunneling. Nested moving cells are supported. Signaling cost for handover of a moving cell is independent of the number of UEs and nested RNs in the moving cell. A MocLis prototype, implemented in Linux, includes user space daemons and modified kernel. Measurements show that the attachment time and handover time are short enough for practical use. MocLis has higher TCP throughput than the tunneling based approaches.

The Mobile IPv6 protocol (MIPv6) allows a single Mobile Node (MN) to keep the same IPv6 address independently of its network of attachment. Network Mobility protocol (NEMO) is an extension of MIPv6. NEMO is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, so it's used for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been developed for local mobility management whereas MIPv6 and NEMO address global mobility for both hosts and routers. This paper proposes a distributed mobility solution based on NEMO for heterogeneous mobile IP networks, so called Host-based and Network-based Distributed Mobility Management for NEMO (HND-NEMO), where different types of IP mobility management are operating. Our solution utilizes both network-based and host-based mechanisms. Multiple Home Agents (HAs) are deployed, and the mobility anchors are closer to the edge of the network in order to provide optimal routing and lower delays. We show that our solution provides smooth mobility in global domains, local domains, and no mobility service domains, in terms of handover latency, signaling and packet delivery costs, and end to end delay.

In this letter, we propose a novel binding scheme for network mobility support in PMIPv6 networks where new network-layer messages are suggested to solve the duplicate tunneling problem. Also our proposed scheme is designed to reduce handover latency and signaling overhead for network-based mobility management. To evaluate the performance of our method, we verify the operation of the proposed scheme with the network simulator, ns-2, and accomplished the simulation to show its superior performance. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme works more efficiently than the scheme defined by the IETF NETLMM WG in terms of packet loss, handover latency, and average packet throughput.

A MANEMO node is an IP-based mobile node that has interface attachments to both a mobile network, using Network Mobility (NEMO), and a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). While communicating with a correspondent node in the Internet, the MANEMO node should use the best possible path. Therefore, as conditions change, a handover between NEMO and MANET is desirable. This paper describes the operation of a MANEMO handover when IEEE 802.11 is used. An analytical model illustrates that packet loss during a MANEMO handover may severely affect data and real-time applications. We therefore propose using buffering during the handover, by making use of the Power Save Mode in IEEE 802.11. In the proposed algorithm, a MANEMO node may rapidly switch between the two interfaces, eventually receiving packets delivered via the old network interface while initiating the Mobile IP/NEMO handover on the new interface. Performance results show that packet loss can be significantly reduced, with small and acceptable increases in signalling overhead and end-to-end delay.

Motivated by the deployment of post-disaster MANEMO (MANET for NEMO) composed of mobile routers and stations, we evaluate two candidate routing protocols through network simulation, theoretical performance analysis, and field experiments. The first protocol is the widely adopted Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) and the second is the combination of the Tree Discovery Protocol (TDP) with Network In Node Advertisement (NINA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these two protocols are compared in both theoretical and practical terms. We focus on the control overhead generated when mobile routers perform a handover. Our results confirm the correctness and operational robustness of both protocols. More interestingly, although in the general case OLSR leads to better results, TDP/NINA outperforms OLSR both in the case of sparse networks and in highly mobile networks, which correspond to the operation point of a large set of post-disaster scenarios.

This paper proposes a protocol called vLIN6 which supports both network mobility and host mobility in IPv6. There are several proposals to support network mobility and host mobility. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol has several problems such as pinball routing, large header overhead due to multiple levels of tunneling, and a single point of failure. Optimized NEMO (ONEMO) and Mobile IP with Address Translation (MAT) are solutions to provide route optimization, but they generate a lot of signaling messages at a handover. In vLIN6, packet relay is required only once regardless of the nested level in network mobility while optimal routing is always provided in host mobility. A fixed-sized extension header is used in network mobility while there is no header overhead in host mobility. vLIN6 is more tolerant of network failure and mobility agent failure than NEMO Basic Support Protocol. It also allows ordinary IPv6 nodes to communicate with mobile nodes and nodes in the mobile network. We implemented vLIN6 on NetBSD 2.0 Release. Our measurement results showed vLIN6 can provide host mobility and network mobility with low overhead.

To support multimedia applications effectively in mobile networks, the handover latency or packet losses during handover should be very small. Addressing this issue, we present a cooperative mobile router-based handover (CoMoRoHo) scheme for long-vehicular multihomed mobile networks. The basic idea behind CoMoRoHo is to enable different mobile routers to access different subnets during a handover and cooperatively receive packets destined for each other. In general, packet losses are directly proportional to handover latency; however, the overlapped reception of packets from different subnets makes possible to minimize packet losses even without reducing handover latency. To evaluate the scheme, we carried out performance modeling of the CoMoRoHo scheme in comparison with the Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol in regard to the handover latency, packet loss, signaling overhead, and packet delivery overhead in access networks. The analysis results show that CoMoRoHo outperforms FMIPv6 by reducing the packet losses as well as signaling overheads by more than 50%. Moreover, CoMoRoHo imposes lower packet delivery overheads required for preventing packets from being dropped from access routers. We thus conclude that CoMoRoHo is a scalable scheme because its performance remains intact even when the access network is overloaded.

Mobile IP is a solution to support mobile nodes but it does not handle NEtwork MObility (NEMO). The NEMO Basic Support (NBS) [1] ensures session continuity for all the nodes in a MObile NETwork (MONET). Since the protocol is based on Mobile IP, it inherits from Mobile IP the same fundamental problem such as tunnel convergence, when it is used to support the multicast for NEMO. In this paper, we propose the multicast Route Optimization (RO) scheme in NEMO environments. We suppose that the Mobile Router (MR) has a multicast function and the Nested Mobile Router Information (NeMRI). The NeMRI is used to record a list of the CoAs of all the MRs located below. And it obtains information whether the MRs desire multicast services. Also, we adopt any RO scheme to handle pinball routing. Therefore, we achieve optimal routes for multicasting in NEMO. We also develop analytic models to evaluate the performance of our scheme. We show much lower multicast tree delay and cost in NEMO compared with other techniques such as Bi-directional Tunneling (BT), Remote Subscription (RS), and Mobile Multicast (MoM) based on the NBS protocol.

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support is the standard protocol to provide continuous network connectivity and movement transparency to a group of nodes moving together, as in a vehicle. However, the protocol suffers from sub-optimal routing and packet overhead caused by a bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router (MR) connecting the mobile network to the Internet and its Home Agent (HA). When a nested NEMO is formed, these inefficiencies become intolerable for real-time multimedia applications. To optimize the delivery of these packets, this study proposes Optimized NEMO (ONEMO) that is capable of providing an optimal path with minimum packet overhead in various scenarios with nested mobility. The protocol is designed to offer the path with minimum signaling overhead and functional requirements are limited to its MRs. Evaluation through measurements against NEMO Basic Support and comparison among other solutions showed effectiveness of the protocol.

The boundary of a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, one of the most threatening attacks in a wired network, now extends to wireless mobile networks, following the appearance of a DDoS attack tool targeted at mobile phones. However, the existing defense mechanisms against such attacks in a wired network are not effective in a wireless mobile network, because of differences in their characteristics such as the mobile possibility of attack agents. In this paper, we propose a proactive defense mechanism against IP spoofing traffic for mobile networks. IP spoofing is one of the features of a DDoS attack against which it is most difficult to defend. Among the various mobile networks, we focus on the Network Mobility standard that is being established by the NEMO Working Group in the IETF. Our defense consists of following five processes: speedy detection, filtering of attack packets, identification of attack agents, isolation of attack agents, and notification to neighboring routers. We simulated and analyzed the effects on normal traffic of moving attack agents, and the results of applying our defense to a mobile network. Our simulation results show that our mechanism provides a robust defense.

This paper proposes χLIN6-NEMO, a network mobility protocol based on LIN6. LIN6 is a host mobility protocol in IPv6 and is based on separation of the location and the identifier. In IETF, NEMO Basic Support Protocol based on Mobile IPv6 is standardized as a network mobility protocol. NEMO Basic Support Protocol as well as Mobile IPv6, however, has several fundamental problems in its communication procedures such as inefficient routing, header overhead due to tunneling, and single point of failure. χLIN6-NEMO makes use of the address structure of LIN6 and solves these problems. A fixed node and a Mobile IPv6 node can be connected to a mobile network provided by χLIN6-NEMO. A mobile network provided by NEMO Basic Support Protocol can also be connected to a mobile network provided by χLIN6-NEMO. We implemented χLIN6-NEMO on NetBSD 1.6.2 Release. Our measurement results showed χLIN6-NEMO can provide network mobility with low overhead.

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has developed a Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol by extending the operation of Mobile IPv6 to provide uninterrupted Internet connectivity to the communicating nodes of mobile networks. The protocol uses a mobile router (MR) in the mobile network to perform prefix scope binding updates with its home agent (HA) to establish a bi-directional tunnel between the HA and MR. This solution reduces location-update signaling by making network movements transparent to the mobile nodes behind the MR. However, delays in data delivery and higher overheads are likely to occur because of sub-optimal routing and multiple encapsulation of data packets. To resolve these problems, we propose a mobile router-assisted route optimization (MoRaRo) scheme for NEMO support. With MoRaRo, a mobile node performs route optimization with a correspondent node only once, at the beginning of a session. After that the MR performs route optimization on behalf of all active mobile nodes when the network moves. The virtue of this scheme is that it requires only slight modification of the implementation of the NEMO basic support protocol at local entities such as the MR and mobile nodes of the mobile network, leaving entities in the core or in other administrative domains untouched. MoRaRo enables a correspondent node to forward packets directly to the mobile network without any tunneling, thus reducing packet delay and encapsulation overheads in the core network. To enable the scheme to be evaluated, we present the results of both theoretical analysis and simulation.

This paper compared the approaches concerning the pinball routing problem that occurs in the nested network in network mobility environment and developed the analytic framework to model. Each model was evaluated of transmission latency, memory usage, and BU's occurrence number at routing optimization process. The estimation result showed that the optimization mechanism achievement overhead existed in each model, and the full optimization of the specific model was not attained because of it. Therefore, the most appropriate approach for routing optimization in nested NEMO can be determined only after a careful evaluation, and the proposals must consider using it in combination with other approaches. The modeling framework presented in this paper is intended to quantity the relative merits and demerits of the various approaches.

In future, mobile terminals may be linked in various types of local network where the whole network is moving. Mobile networks will need to provide global connectivity to such moving networks and manage their mobility. A moving network consists of mobile terminals and a mobile router, which acts as the gateway to the mobile network. To manage the mobility of the moving network, it is important to minimize the packet overhead, to optimize routing, and to reduce the volume of handoff signals over the mobile network and air interface. This paper proposes a new routing mechanism using hierarchical mobile network prefix assignment, home agent concatenation, hierarchical address management, and hierarchical re-routing. In hierarchical mobile network prefix assignment, a mobile router is assigned a mobile network prefix, which is used as a prefix when allocating the location addresses of mobile terminals in the moving network, so allowing them to be managed in a hierarchical manner. Home agent concatenation limits the number of home agents which need to be updated during handoff by enabling one home agent hold information relating to others, while hierarchical address management minimizes the volume of handoff signals by managing the location addresses of all mobile terminals in a hierarchical manner. Hierarchical re-routing introduces a local anchor router in order to localize handoff and to optimize routing. Simulation results show that our proposed routing method is better than the conventional solutions in terms of efficiency of data transmission including data transmission delay, and handoff performance.