Impact of sampling frequency and the number of quantization bit of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in a direct detection lightwave system using Kramers-Kronig (KK) relation, which has been attracting attention in recent years, are numerically investigated. We studied the effect of spectral broadening caused by nonlinear operations (logarithm, square root) of the KK algorithm when the frequency gap (shift frequency) between the modulated signal and the optical tone is varied. We found that reception performances depend on both the ADC bandwidth and the relative positions of the optical tone and the spectrum. Spectral broadening caused by the logarithm operation of the KK algorithm is found to be the dominant factor of signal distortion in an ADC bandwidth limited system. We studied the effect of the number of quantization bit on the error vector magnitude (EVM) of KK relation based reception in a carrier-to-signal power ratio (CSPR) adjustable transmission system. We found that performances of KK relation based receiver can be improved by increasing the number of quantization bits. For minimum-phase-condition satisfied KK receiver, the required number of quantization bit was found to be 5 bits or more for detection of QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM-modulated signal after 20-km transmission.

In all-optical switches using the cascade of second harmonic generation and difference frequency mixing in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide devices, walk-off between the fundamental and second harmonic pulses causes crosstalk between neighboring symbols, and limits the switching performance. In this paper, we numerically study retiming characteristics of all-optical switches that employ the PPLN waveguide devices with consideration for the effects of the crosstalk and for the input timing of the data and clock pulses. We find that the time offset between the data and clock pulses can control the timing jitter of the switched output; an appropriate offset can reduce the jitter while improving the switching efficiency.

When digital broadcasting services are provided through cable television (CATV) networks, viewers watching interactive programs such as quizzes or auctions may respond to the program within a short period. If these responses are transmitted in the upstream channel of the CATV networks using TCP/IP, they will result in burst traffic. The numerous TCP connections will trigger congestion in the upstream transmission facilities and will cause a significant delay in conventional Internet services such as web-browsing. The present paper proposes a new method of controlling the CATV upstream channel to avoid such congestion. We introduce class-based queues at each cable TV station, in which each service class is related to a type of interactive service. The status of the queue is relayed to the cable modems of subscribers using a CATV-specific MAC protocol. This queue-status information is used to suspend further initiation of TCP connections at cable modems. As a result, the TCP connections will be arbitrated in the CATV network, while the delay of the response transmission is traded for smoothing of the burst traffic. We numerically evaluate the effect of the proposed method using the time distribution of responses to an actual quiz program. The results show that the proposed method successfully suppresses interference of the burst traffic with conventional best-effort services.