Electromagnetic shielding clothes for reducing human exposure to radio waves have been commercialized. However, their effect has so far been confirmed only in the form of the raw material. In this paper, we develop a new compact scheme for measuring electromagnetic radiations using a short dipole antenna and Gaussian pulses in order to evaluate the effect of the shielding clothes over a wide frequency range with the aid of time-domain measurements and FDTD computation. The proposed method is based on a time-domain analysis technique and pulse compression technique, which enables the user to separate the direct transmission wave from the reflection from the floor as well as from the refracted wave around the neck of the clothes. The direct advantage is that measurements can be made in an ordinary laboratory without the function of an electromagnetic anechoic chamber. Also, we can separate direct transmission wave and diffraction wave from the measurement result by using pulse compression technique, then each frequency characteristic of the shielding shirt can be evaluated. The performance of the separation is confirmed by comparing the measurements with those of a shirt with no opening. We further demonstrate the possibility of predicting the effective conductivity of the material as a function of frequency by comparing the measured results with realistic FDTD computations, which will enable us to design a shielding shirt via numerical means.

As a new material, silver (Ag) coated fabric has been developed, and its use for shielding electromagnetic radiation is expected. In this paper, seven kinds of Ag coated fabrics, woven, knitted and nonwoven by Ag coated fibers, are prepared, and placed over a PCB with a microstrip line, which is used as a noise source. By measuring the input impedance of the microstrip line, the distance between the PCB and the fabric is fixed to 8 mm to reduce the coupling paths. The shielding effect SE of those fabrics was compared by measuring the magnetic near-field with a small shielded-loop probe. In the results, the resonance frequency is dependent on the fabric's length, as well as the case of a copper sheet. Comparing the texture, the SE of woven and nonwoven fabrics is larger than the knitted fabric. Comparing with the copper sheet, the SE of the fabrics is smaller below 200 MHz, but elsewhere is almost the same.

The effect of a conductive sheet placed over a PCB with a microstrip line on electromagnetic noise shielding is investigated. As a typical conductive sheet, a copper sheet is used, and is not grounded. First, the input impedance of the microstrip line and the magnetic field when varying the distance between the PCB and the conductive sheet are measured, and the distance that does not affect the signal transmission is set at 8 mm. Second, the effect of the conductive sheet size on the magnetic field radiation is discussed by measurements and FDTD modeling, and the magnetic near-field distribution around the PCB is visualized by using the FDTD calculation. A conductive sheet whose width is larger than the PCB width should be effective for suppression of the magnetic near-field noise radiation just above a PCB.

The coupling between transmission lines on the PCB (printed circuit board) within a rectangular enclosure with an aperture is investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.

A new IC interconnect transmission line parameter determination methodology and a novel fast simulation technique for non-uniform transmission lines are presented and verified. The capacitance parameter is a strong function of a shielding effect between the layers, while silicon substrate has a substantial effect on inductance parameter. Thus, they are taken into account to determine the parameters. Then the virtual straight-line-based per unit length parameters are determined in order to perform the fast transient simulation of the non-uniform transmission lines. It was shown that not only the inductance effect due to a silicon substrate but also the shielding effect between the layers are too significant to be neglected. Further, a model order reduction technique is integrated into Berkeley SPICE in order to demonstrate that the virtual straight-line-based per-unit-length parameters can be efficiently employed for the fast transient response simulation of the complicated multi-layer interconnect structures. Since the methodology is very efficient as well as accurate, it can be usefully employed for IC CAD tools of high-performance VLSI circuit design.

The magnetic shielding performance of the high-Tc superconducting (HTS) plate in a mixed state has been investigated numerically. By taking account of the crystallographic anisotropy of the HTS plate, the axisymmetric shielding plate is assumed to have a multiple thin-layer structure. Under the assumptions, the governing equations of the shielding current density can be expressed in terms of a scalar function. The numerical code to integrate the equation has been developed and, by use of the code, the shielding current density and the damping coefficient are calculated for the axisymmetric HTS plate in a mixed state. The results of computations show that the shielding current density localizes around the edge under the high-frequency magnetic field. With an increasing frequency of the applied magnetic field, the localization becomes remarkable and the shielding current density becomes larger until the flux flow occurs. In addition, the magnetic shielding performance of the HTS plate drastically changes with time under the low-frequency magnetic field below 100 Hz, whereas it is almost time-independent under the high-frequency magnetic field. Moreover, it turns out that the HTS plate can shield ac magnetic fields with a high frequency even if it remains in a mixed state.

This paper presents a relationship between the near-field shielding effectiveness (SE) and the far-field SE of an infinite planar shield for dipole fields. The penetration fields through the shield and the near-field SE are deduced analytically from an explicit integral expression based on certain assumptions. They further give us approximate formulas for the near-field SE. The near-field SE depends on not only wavelength and material used, but also on the distance r from a source to an observation point through the shield, the source type (magnetic dipole or electric dipole) and the orientation (vertical or horizontal to the shield face) in general. The results we obtained are as follows. The near-field SE for magnetic dipole fields vertical to the shield face is the same as that horizontal to the shield face, and their absolute values equal that of the far-field SE multiplied by k0r/3 (k0 is the wave number). The near-field SE for electric dipole fields vertical to the shield face doubles that horizontal to the shield face, and the absolute value of the latter equals that of the far-fields SE divided by k0r. The validity of the assumptions used to obtain the approximate formulas are examined. The range of r (an application range), over which the difference between the approximate value and the true value is under 1 dB, is determined, where the former value is calculated by the approximate formula of the SE and the latter value is etsimated by direct integration of the related integral expression. For instance, an application range of the approximate formula for magnetic dipole fields vertical to the shield face is from larger one of 50δ and 33µrδ to 0. 11λ0, where µr is specific permeability, δ is skin depth of the shielding material used and λ0 is wavelength in the free space.

Results of an empirical investigation of the shielding properties of a small pre-fabricated reinforced concrete building are presented. The electric field attenuation was measured in the frequency range of approximately 20kHz to 500MHz. The experiments were performed in collaboration with the Italian National Board of Post an Telecommunications (ISPT). An equivalent stick model has been analyzed in frequency domain by numerically solving a set of electric field integral equations. The influence of the real reinforcement mesh (dimensions, spatial disposition, electrical parameters) on the attenuation of the electric field has been investigated. A comparison between computed and measured results is presented.

The analysis of the shielding properties of chiral materials slabs is here presented, first deriving the spectral representation of the shielded fields, then getting the asymptotic expression of the transmission matrix in the higher frequencies. The time response of the shielded field for the NEMP incidence is finally deduced in a closed form.

In this paper we have considered both frequency-domain and time-domain shielding provided by reinforced concrete walls and floors in planar geometries, against electromagnetic fields due to electromagnetic pulses. The concrete composites have been modeled as isotropic, homogeneous lossy materials and the metal bars of the reinforcement have been modeled as a wire-mesh grid under the assumptions that the wire junctions are connected and that thin-wire approximation applies. The presence of imperfect wire junctions due to oxidation of overlapping or poor welding is taken into account by introducing an equivalent distributed junction impedance. We have used the formalism of the transmission matrix of network theory. Such a formalism is useful in dealing with shielding problems involving bodies with non-separable layers, such as the reinforcement and the concrete. The behavior of a reinforced concrete wall with respect to an incident electromagnetic field is a function both of the low-pass behavior of the concrete, and of the inductive effects of the metal frame impedance. The electric field inside a reinforced concrete structure shows an attenuation, a time delay when it reaches its maximum value, and an increase in its temporal width with respect to the electric field outside. The proposed model is validated by comparison with numerical and measured results.

The analysis of the shielding properties of a planar wire-mesh shield embedded in a general isotropic--chirality is included--or anisotropic stratified media is here presented. A suitable model of the grating has been introduced in order to consider the occuring phenomena, in fact through a spectral technique the electromagnetic problem is translated into the equivalent circuit network model that allows to express the time response of the shielded field for the NEMP incidence in a closed form.

Effects of various joint configurations and gap sizes on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) are evaluated to provide guidelines for best design of joints in order to increase the value of SE. Four different joint geometries are presented. A sharp decrease on SE with larger gap size for simple joints is observed. Addition of bends in the joint geometry has strong positive effect on the value of the SE. Increasing the angle of cut, which increases the effective length of the joint were also demonstrated to have increasing effect on the shielding performance.