This paper proposes a network design model, considering data consistency for a delay-sensitive distributed processing system. The data consistency is determined by collating the own state and the states of slave servers. If the state is mismatched with other servers, the rollback process is initiated to modify the state to guarantee data consistency. In the proposed model, the selected servers and the master-slave server pairs are determined to minimize the end-to-end delay and the delay for data consistency. We formulate the proposed model as an integer linear programming problem. We evaluate the delay performance and computation time. We evaluate the proposed model in two network models with two, three, and four slave servers. The proposed model reduces the delay for data consistency by up to 31 percent compared to that of a typical model that collates the status of all servers at one master server. The computation time is a few seconds, which is an acceptable time for network design before service launch. These results indicate that the proposed model is effective for delay-sensitive applications.

In distributed processing for communication services, a proper server selection scheme is required to reduce delay by ensuring the event occurrence order. Although a conservative synchronization algorithm (CSA) has been used to achieve this goal, an optimistic synchronization algorithm (OSA) can be feasible for synchronizing distributed systems. In comparison with CSA, which reproduces events in occurrence order before processing applications, OSA can be feasible to realize low delay communication as the processing events arrive sequentially. This paper proposes an optimal server selection scheme that uses OSA for distributed processing systems to minimize end-to-end delay under the condition that maximum status holding time is limited. In other words, the end-to-end delay is minimized based on the allowed rollback time, which is given according to the application designing aspects and availability of computing resources. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme reduces the delay compared to the conventional scheme.

In this paper, we propose a novel single-template strategy based on a mean template set and locally/globally weighted dynamic time warping (LG-DTW) to improve the performance of online signature verification. Specifically, in the enrollment phase, we implement a time series averaging method, Euclidean barycenter-based DTW barycenter averaging, to obtain a mean template set considering intra-user variability among reference samples. Then, we acquire a local weighting estimate considering a local stability sequence that is obtained analyzing multiple matching points of an optimal match between the mean template and reference sets. Thereafter, we derive a global weighting estimate based on the variable importance estimated by gradient boosting. Finally, in the verification phase, we apply both local and global weighting methods to acquire a discriminative LG-DTW distance between the mean template set and a query sample. Experimental results obtained on the public SVC2004 Task2 and MCYT-100 signature datasets confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for online signature verification.

We present a new action classification method for skeletal sequence data. The proposed method is based on simple nonparametric feature matching without a learning process. We first augment the training dataset to implicitly construct an exponentially increasing number of training sequences, which can be used to improve the generalization power of the proposed action classifier. These augmented training sequences are matched to the test sequence with the relaxed dynamic time warping (DTW) technique. Our relaxed formulation allows the proposed method to work faster and with higher efficiency than the conventional DTW-based method using a non-augmented dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed approach produces effective action classification results for various scales of real datasets.

With an annual growth of billions of sensor-based devices, it is an urgent need to do stream mining for the massive data streams produced by these devices. Cloud computing is a competitive choice for this, with powerful computational capabilities. However, it sacrifices real-time feature and energy efficiency. Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is with high performance and efficiency, which is not cost-effective for diverse applications. The general-purpose microcontroller is of low performance. Therefore, it is a challenge to do stream mining on these low-cost devices with scalability and efficiency. In this paper, we introduce an FPGA-based scalable and parameterized architecture for stream mining.Particularly, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) based k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) is adopted in the architecture. Two processing element (PE) rings for DTW and kNN are designed to achieve parameterization and scalability with high performance. We implement the proposed architecture on an FPGA and perform a comprehensive performance evaluation. The experimental results indicate thatcompared to the multi-core CPU-based implementation, our approach demonstrates over one order of magnitude on speedup and three orders of magnitude on energy-efficiency.

In this study, we focus on a method to search for similar trajectories. In the majority of previous works on searching for similar trajectories, only raw trajectory data were used. However, to obtain deeper insights, additional time-dependent trajectory features should be utilized depending on the search intent. For instance, to identify similar combination plays in soccer games, such additional features include the movements of the team players. In this paper, we develop a framework to flexibly search for similar trajectories associated with time-dependent features, which we call enriched trajectories. In this framework, weights, which represent the relative importance of each feature, can be flexibly given by users. Moreover, to facilitate fast searching, we first propose a lower bounding measure of the DTW distance between enriched trajectories, and then we propose algorithms based on this lower bounding measure. We evaluate the effectiveness of the lower bounding measure and compare the performances of the algorithms under various conditions using soccer data and synthetic data. Our experimental results suggest that the proposed lower bounding measure is superior to the existing measure, and one of the proposed algorithms, which is based on the threshold algorithm, is suitable for practical use.

The dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm is widely used to determine time series similarity search. As DTW has quadratic time complexity, the time taken for similarity search is the bottleneck for virtually all time series data mining algorithms. In this paper, we present a parallel approach for DTW on a heterogeneous platform with a graphics processing unit (GPU). In order to exploit fine-grained data-level parallelism, we propose a specific parallel decomposition in DTW. Furthermore, we introduce an optimization technique called diamond tiling to improve the utilization of threads. Results show that our approach substantially reduces computational time.

Traffic classification has recently gained much attention in both academic and industrial research communities. Many machine learning methods have been proposed to tackle this problem and have shown good results. However, when applied to traffic with out-of-sequence packets, the accuracy of existing machine learning approaches decreases dramatically. We observe the main reason is that the out-of-sequence packets change the spatial representation of feature vectors, which means the property of linear mapping relation among features used in machine learning approaches cannot hold any more. To address this problem, this paper proposes an Improved Dynamic Time Warping (IDTW) method, which can align two feature vectors using non-linear alignment. Experimental results on two real traces show that IDTW achieves better classification accuracy in out-of-sequence traffic classification, in comparison to existing machine learning approaches.

This paper presents a content-based retrieval algorithm for motion capture data, which is required to re-use a large-scale database that has many variations in the same category of motions. The most challenging problem is that logically similar motions may not be numerically similar due to the motion variations in a category. Our algorithm can effectively retrieve logically similar motions to a query, where a distance metric between our novel short-term features is defined properly as a fundamental component in our system. We extract the features based on short-term analysis of joint velocities after dividing an entire motion capture sequence into many small overlapped clips. In each clip, we select not only the magnitude but also the dynamic pattern of the joint velocities as our features, which can discard the motion variations while keeping the significant motion information in a category. Simultaneously, the amount of data is reduced, alleviating the computational cost. Using the extracted features, we define a novel distance metric between two motion clips. By dynamic time warping, a motion dissimilarity measure is calculated between two motion capture sequences. Then, given a query, we rank all the motions in our dataset according to their motion dissimilarity measures. Our experiments, which are performed on a test dataset consisting of more than 190 motions, demonstrate that our algorithm greatly improves the performance compared to two conventional methods according to a popular evaluation measure P(NR).

This paper discusses distributed checkpointing with logging for practical applications running with limited resources. We present a discrete time model evaluating the total expected overhead per event where the number of available checkpoints that each process can hold is finite. The rollback distance is also bound to some finite interval in many actual applications. Therefore, the recovery overhead for the checkpointing scheme is described by using a truncated geometric distribution as the rollback distance distribution. Although it is difficult to analytically derive the optimal checkpoint interval, which minimizes the total expected overhead, substituting other simple probabilistic distributions instead of the truncated geometric distribution enables us to do this explicitly. Numerical examples obtained through simulations are presented to show that we can achieve almost minimized total overhead by using the new models and analyses.

This paper proposes a Space-Time Object Model, an object oriented model that possesses space and time management mechanisms. The goal of this object model is to provide a common software infrastructure for implementing large-scale moving object simulations efficiently, such as car traffic simulations and disaster evacuation simulations, using a direct mapping scheme on a parallel and distributed computing environment. In this object model, the software infrastructure provides two principal functions, "Space Management" and "Time Management," which allows programmers to focus on application programming instead of parallel programming. Although there are several known infrastructure software, which provide the environment needed to develop and execute parallel and distributed simulations, they only provide a "Time Management" mechanism. In this paper, we present a Space-Time Object Model and an overview of a program called OSim, which is an implementation of the Space-Time Object Model. Then, we demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of this model by introducing the overview and evaluation results of a parallel car traffic simulation system using OSim.