Reducing CPU Power Consumption with Device Utilization-Aware DVFS for Low-Latency SSDs

Satoshi IMAMURA; Eiji YOSHIDA; Kazuichi OE

doi:10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337

Reducing CPU Power Consumption with Device Utilization-Aware DVFS for Low-Latency SSDs

Satoshi IMAMURA, Eiji YOSHIDA, Kazuichi OE

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Emerging solid state drives (SSDs) based on a next-generation memory technology have been recently released in market. In this work, we call them low-latency SSDs because the device latency of them is an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional NAND flash SSDs. Although low-latency SSDs can drastically reduce an I/O latency perceived by an application, the overhead of OS processing included in the I/O latency has become noticeable because of the very low device latency. Since the OS processing is executed on a CPU core, its operating frequency should be maximized for reducing the OS overhead. However, a higher core frequency causes the higher CPU power consumption during I/O accesses to low-latency SSDs. Therefore, we propose the device utilization-aware DVFS (DU-DVFS) technique that periodically monitors the utilization of a target block device and applies dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes only when the block device is fully utilized. In this case, DU-DVFS can reduce the CPU power consumption without hurting performance because the delay of OS processing incurred by decreasing the core frequency can be hidden. Our evaluation with 28 I/O-intensive workloads on a real server containing an Intel® Optane™ SSD demonstrates that DU-DVFS reduces the CPU power consumption by 41.4% on average (up to 53.8%) with a negligible performance degradation, compared to a standard DVFS governor on Linux. Moreover, the evaluation with multiprogrammed workloads composed of I/O-intensive and non-I/O-intensive programs shows that DU-DVFS is also effective for them because it can apply DVFS only to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes.

Publication: IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information Vol.E102-D No.9 pp.1740-1749

Publication Date: 2019/09/01

Publicized: 2019/06/18

Online ISSN: 1745-1361

DOI: 10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337

Type of Manuscript: PAPER

Category: Computer System

Authors

Satoshi IMAMURA
  Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.
Eiji YOSHIDA
  Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.
Kazuichi OE
  Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.

Keyword

low-latency SSDs, CPU power consumption, DVFS, device utilization

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Satoshi IMAMURA, Eiji YOSHIDA, Kazuichi OE, "Reducing CPU Power Consumption with Device Utilization-Aware DVFS for Low-Latency SSDs" in IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information, vol. E102-D, no. 9, pp. 1740-1749, September 2019, doi: 10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337.
Abstract: Emerging solid state drives (SSDs) based on a next-generation memory technology have been recently released in market. In this work, we call them low-latency SSDs because the device latency of them is an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional NAND flash SSDs. Although low-latency SSDs can drastically reduce an I/O latency perceived by an application, the overhead of OS processing included in the I/O latency has become noticeable because of the very low device latency. Since the OS processing is executed on a CPU core, its operating frequency should be maximized for reducing the OS overhead. However, a higher core frequency causes the higher CPU power consumption during I/O accesses to low-latency SSDs. Therefore, we propose the device utilization-aware DVFS (DU-DVFS) technique that periodically monitors the utilization of a target block device and applies dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes only when the block device is fully utilized. In this case, DU-DVFS can reduce the CPU power consumption without hurting performance because the delay of OS processing incurred by decreasing the core frequency can be hidden. Our evaluation with 28 I/O-intensive workloads on a real server containing an Intel® Optane™ SSD demonstrates that DU-DVFS reduces the CPU power consumption by 41.4% on average (up to 53.8%) with a negligible performance degradation, compared to a standard DVFS governor on Linux. Moreover, the evaluation with multiprogrammed workloads composed of I/O-intensive and non-I/O-intensive programs shows that DU-DVFS is also effective for them because it can apply DVFS only to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes.
URL: https://global.ieice.org/en_transactions/information/10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337/_p

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@ARTICLE{e102-d_9_1740,
author={Satoshi IMAMURA, Eiji YOSHIDA, Kazuichi OE, },
journal={IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information},
title={Reducing CPU Power Consumption with Device Utilization-Aware DVFS for Low-Latency SSDs},
year={2019},
volume={E102-D},
number={9},
pages={1740-1749},
abstract={Emerging solid state drives (SSDs) based on a next-generation memory technology have been recently released in market. In this work, we call them low-latency SSDs because the device latency of them is an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional NAND flash SSDs. Although low-latency SSDs can drastically reduce an I/O latency perceived by an application, the overhead of OS processing included in the I/O latency has become noticeable because of the very low device latency. Since the OS processing is executed on a CPU core, its operating frequency should be maximized for reducing the OS overhead. However, a higher core frequency causes the higher CPU power consumption during I/O accesses to low-latency SSDs. Therefore, we propose the device utilization-aware DVFS (DU-DVFS) technique that periodically monitors the utilization of a target block device and applies dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes only when the block device is fully utilized. In this case, DU-DVFS can reduce the CPU power consumption without hurting performance because the delay of OS processing incurred by decreasing the core frequency can be hidden. Our evaluation with 28 I/O-intensive workloads on a real server containing an Intel® Optane™ SSD demonstrates that DU-DVFS reduces the CPU power consumption by 41.4% on average (up to 53.8%) with a negligible performance degradation, compared to a standard DVFS governor on Linux. Moreover, the evaluation with multiprogrammed workloads composed of I/O-intensive and non-I/O-intensive programs shows that DU-DVFS is also effective for them because it can apply DVFS only to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes.},
keywords={},
doi={10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337},
ISSN={1745-1361},
month={September},}

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TY - JOUR
TI - Reducing CPU Power Consumption with Device Utilization-Aware DVFS for Low-Latency SSDs
T2 - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
SP - 1740
EP - 1749
AU - Satoshi IMAMURA
AU - Eiji YOSHIDA
AU - Kazuichi OE
PY - 2019
DO - 10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7337
JO - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
SN - 1745-1361
VL - E102-D
IS - 9
JA - IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information
Y1 - September 2019
AB - Emerging solid state drives (SSDs) based on a next-generation memory technology have been recently released in market. In this work, we call them low-latency SSDs because the device latency of them is an order of magnitude lower than that of conventional NAND flash SSDs. Although low-latency SSDs can drastically reduce an I/O latency perceived by an application, the overhead of OS processing included in the I/O latency has become noticeable because of the very low device latency. Since the OS processing is executed on a CPU core, its operating frequency should be maximized for reducing the OS overhead. However, a higher core frequency causes the higher CPU power consumption during I/O accesses to low-latency SSDs. Therefore, we propose the device utilization-aware DVFS (DU-DVFS) technique that periodically monitors the utilization of a target block device and applies dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes only when the block device is fully utilized. In this case, DU-DVFS can reduce the CPU power consumption without hurting performance because the delay of OS processing incurred by decreasing the core frequency can be hidden. Our evaluation with 28 I/O-intensive workloads on a real server containing an Intel® Optane™ SSD demonstrates that DU-DVFS reduces the CPU power consumption by 41.4% on average (up to 53.8%) with a negligible performance degradation, compared to a standard DVFS governor on Linux. Moreover, the evaluation with multiprogrammed workloads composed of I/O-intensive and non-I/O-intensive programs shows that DU-DVFS is also effective for them because it can apply DVFS only to CPU cores executing I/O-intensive processes.
ER -