In this study, we develop a numerical method for determining transient energy deposition in biological bodies exposed to electromagnetic (EM) pulses. We use a newly developed frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain (FD2TD) method, which is combined with the fast inverse Laplace transform (FILT) and Prony method. The FILT and Prony method are utilized to transform the Cole-Cole model of biological media into a sum of multiple Debye relaxation terms. Parameters of Debye terms are then extracted by comparison with the time-domain impulse responses. The extracted parameters are used in an FDTD formulation, which is derived using the auxiliary differential equation method, and transient energy deposition into a biological medium is calculated by the equivalent circuit method. The validity of our proposed method is demonstrated by comparing numerical results and those derived from an analytical method. Finally, transient energy deposition into human heads of TARO and HANAKO models is then calculated using the proposed method and, physical insights into pulse exposures of the human heads are provided.

With the rapid increase of various uses of wireless communications in modern life, the high microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are attracting much attention. However, the existing databases on above 6GHz radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) field exposure of biological bodies are obviously insufficient. An in-vivo research project on local and whole-body exposure of rats to RF-EM fields above 6GHz was started in Japan in 2013. This study aims to perform a dosimetric design for the whole-body-average specific absorption rates (WBA-SARs) of unconstrained rats exposed to 6GHz RF-EM fields in a reverberation chamber (RC). The required input power into the RC is clarified using a two-step evaluation method in order to achieve a target exposure level in rats. The two-step method, which incorporates the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical solutions with electric field measurements in an RC exposure system, is used as an evaluation method to determine the whole-body exposure level in the rats. In order to verify the validity of the two-step method, we use S-parameter measurements inside the RC to experimentally derive the WBA-SARs with rat-equivalent phantoms and then compare those with the FDTD-calculated ones. It was shown that the difference between the two-step method and the S-parameter measurements is within 1.63dB, which reveals the validity and usefulness of the two-step technique.

This paper aims to achieve a high-quality exposure level quantification of whole-body average-specific absorption rates (WBA-SARs) for small animals in a medium-size reverberation chamber (RC). A two-step method, which incorporates the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical solutions with electric field measurements in an RC-type exposure system, has been used as an evaluation method to determine the whole-body exposure level in small animals. However, there is little data that quantitatively demonstrate the validity and accuracy of this method in an RC up to now. In order to clarify the validity of the two-step method, we compare the physical quantities in terms of electric field strength and WBA-SARs by using a direct numerical assessment method known as the method of moments (MoM) with ten homogenous gel phantoms placed in an RC with 2GHz exposure. The comparison results show that the relative errors between the two-step method and the MoM approach are approximately below 10%, which reveals the validity and usefulness of the two-step technique. Finally, we perform a dosimetric analysis of the WBA-SARs for anatomical mouse models with the two-step method and determine the input power related to our developed RC-exposure system to achieve a target exposure level in small animals.

A characteristic-based constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method for solving three-dimensional, time-dependent Maxwell's equations is successfully developed. It is utilized to solve one-dimensional wave equations in the formulation of the Maxwell's equations. Calculation procedure of the CIP method for three-dimensional scattering analysis is described in details. Update equations for boundary conditions of a perfectly conducting (PEC) interface and a dielectric interface are formulated and obtained in explicit forms. Numerical analyses of electromagnetic scatterings of PEC sphere, dielectric sphere and PEC cube are performed and the scattering coefficient is calculated and compared with the Mie's analytic results. As a result, the scattering coefficients show good agreement with the Mie's results, which demonstrates the validity of the CIP method and the formulated update equations. It is also shown that the phase of the scattering coefficients determined by the CIP method are slightly more accurate than that of the FDTD method.

The impedance expansion method (IEM) is a circuit-modeling technique for electrically small devices based on the method of moments. In a previous study, a circuit model of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system was developed by utilizing the IEM and eigenmode analysis. However, this technique assumes that all the coupling elements (e.g., feeding loops and resonant coils) are in the absence of neighboring scatters (e.g., bodies of vehicles). This study extends the theory of the IEM to obtain the circuit model of a WPT system in the vicinity of a perfectly conducting scatterer (PCS). The numerical results show that the proposed method can be applied to the frequencies at which the dimension of the PCS is less than approximately a quarter wavelength. In addition, the yielded circuit model is found to be valid at the operating frequency band.