The light emitted from the exit end of an optical fiber can be used as the reference wave in recording a hologram and/or the illuminating wave in reconstructing it. The fundamental problems associated with such an application have been investigated. First, the radiation characteristics of a step-index fiber was analyzed and a simple scalar description, suitable for the holography application, of the far radiation field was derived. It was found that the wavefront of the radiation field is identical with that of a spherical wave radiating from the center of the fiber end. The rough estimation for the size of the far field pattern was given and the orthogonality property of the radiation field was proved. Then the wavefront reconstructing characteristics of the hologram were discussed. The resolution capability of the system was determined by using the point spread function. A reduction coefficient concept has been introduced to describe the effects of the reference and illuminating wavefronts on the diffraction efficiency. It was deduced that recording with a spherical reference wave and illuminating with light derived from a fiber result in negligible reduction of the efficiency. The feasibility of the method was proved experimentally and some theoretical predictions were also confirmed.

In this paper we discuss a fall-safe of an asynchronous sequential machine. Though several methods have already been reported on the realization of the fail-safe circuit, we can find advantages of the method explained in this paper in the following points: First the state transition function in the form of an ON-SET function, second the consideration for a masked-fault. In order to realize the state transition function only by ON-SET functions, the delay circuit is inserted into input circuit and the input for one state transition is re-formed into two parts. It is reported that a guarantee against a masked-fault is easily attained because of ON-SET realization. In the method described in this paper the state assignment of the input and of the excitation circuit adopt the constant weight equidistant codes and the circuit is guaranteed to be rece-free. By this method the circuit can be operated with the guaranty of a fail-safe even if masked-faults exist.

Two-dimensional Gunn devices are suitable for integrating many logic devices on an epitaxial GaAs layer grown on a semi-insulating substrate. In this paper, a planar Gunn device with two separated cathodes is proposed and the fundamental logic operations, such as the exclusive OR, the inclusive OR and the inhibitor functions, are discussed theoretically and experimentally. The domain dynamics in this planar device has been examined by the computer simulation. The regions of the reliable operations are also shown by a diagram. Our experimental results confirmed the above logic operations.

The three types of definitions for the multivariable reactance function are presented, and the equivalence among these definitions are also shown. Viewed from the other standpoint, the new two definitions can be considered as new theorems on the function which indicate the important properties of multi-variable positive real function.

An algorithm is presented to solve the congruence equation of the type AX B (mod M) using Fermat's theorem, where M is any prime. It uses only integer multiplication mod M. If p is an integer such that 2p11M2p1, and M3 or p3, the number N of necessary multiplications mod M satisfies p1N2p2.

We report a magneto-optic analog-to-digital converter for a 2-digit case with a ternary code and a unit distance code using a multiple-reflection Kerr effect in Permalloy thin films. In our experiment, a sampling frequency could be extended up to 30 kHz.

The spontaneous emission factor in the rate equation of the injection laser is derived with help of the classical electromagnetic theory. The spontaneous emission is treated as the radiations from dipoles located in the active region. The value of the spontaneous emission factor given theoretically is in good agreement with the measured results. The magnitude of the spontaneous emission factor is inversely proportional to the volume of the active region and the spectral width of the spontaneous emission, and is proportional to the energy confinement factor and the fourth power of the wavelength. The possibility of the suppression of the relaxation oscillation by reducing the volume of the active region is predicted theoretically.

This paper presents a way to quantitatively characterize switching processing features by information theoretical analysis. The analysis concept is based on understanding that a switching processor is an information processing machine for obtaining input information from subscribers and for sending output information to a speehpath network. In order to convert the input information to the output information, the switching system must choose a suitable internal action out of many possibilities, namely, the system has some entropy in making a decision on its response to the input information. The internal processing is considered, therefore, to contribute to decreasing the entropy. Based on the above comprehension on the switching system, an information processing evaluation principle and some parameters for control structure design are proposed. Using those parameters, partition and assignment way of processing amount to control stages or to switching functions such as input, internal and output processing are decided. Those parameters can be used also as measures of system flexibility or service variety and speechpath network control ease. Example figures of those parameters are given by analysis of a 7 digit rotary dialing intra-office call processing in a large scale stored program controlled model switching system. The values obtained can be considered to indicate the information processing level in the present switching system and may be also used to design quantitatively call processing capacity of a switching system and simultaneously to show an objective to be surpassed in future switching system development.

Fourier-like transforms over the Galois field, GF(q2), and the direct sum of such Galois fields, analogous to the field of complex numbers, were developed and used to design round-off noise free nonrecursive filters (1), (2). It was shown (3), (4) that recursive realizations of finite impulse response (FIR) filters on the finite field or ring are also possible by techniques, analogous to those recursive realizations used on the usual complex number field. This paper developes an algorithm to reduce the number of recursive equations needed to realize a filter when recursive equations are restricted to be first order. The recursive filters developed here do not have the accumulation of round-off or truncation error one usually expects in recursive computations. The FIR filter without error is more naturally a digital" filter than the usual FIR digital filter. By the very finiteness of the finite field or ring, only finite bit words are needed to realize the FIR filter. Such digital filters when realized as discrete transducers are information lossless in the sense of Shannon (5, pp. 26).

In this note, we examine several nonclosure properties of the classes of sets (of two-dimensional tapes) accepted by nondeterministic two-dimensional on-line tessellation acceptors, nondeterministic one way parallel sequential array acceptors and deterministic one way parallel sequential array acceptors.

This article gives the realization of two different types of floating inductance with active transformer used in Jaumann type all-pass networks, and some examples of its applications concerning Biquad all-pass networks.

This paper deals with a problem of maximizing directivity of a uniformly spaced broadside array under constraints on the specified sidelobe level. For this purpose, we use a quadratic programming in order to clarify the properties of the radiation pattern with high directivity and low sidelobe level. In resulting radiation patterns, the first sidelobes are suppressed to the specified level and other sidelobes decrease gradually in magnitude similarly to a Taylor pattern. The number of sidelobes in equal magnitude is determined by the specified sidelobe level. These properties are still held for both isotropic and parallel dipole elements.

Advanced laser beam scanning pattern, termed the Lattice scan mode", for the fixed scanner in the supermarket Point-of-Sale (POS) system has been developed. This scan mode shows high performance for reading the Universal Product Code (UPC) labels.

Diode phase shifters are analytically and numerically studied in order to reduce to reduce DC power requirement, and to improve their performances. The residual series resistance of PIN diodes fabricated by the state-of-the-art silicon technology, is analized for the phase shifter use in terms of the punch-through voltage, the junction capacitance, and the forward bias current. Proper diode design for low DC power requirement is found to design the punch-through voltage of 10V which decreases the necessary forward bias current down to 10 mA per diode. The diode is applied to the examination on loss performance of the loaded line and the hybrid coupled phase shifter, where some analysis is made to indicate what diode is suitable for the phase shifter, and what relation there is between the diode impedance and the insertion loss of phase shifters. According to the analysis, and X-band MIC 4-bit 360phase shifter is constructed with an alumina ceramic substrate metallized with Au-Cr through photoresist techniques. This phase shifter requires only 0.81 W max. DC power, but it has the insertion loss of only 2.0 dB in the frequency range between 9.09.5 GHz. In the band, the VSWR performance is less than 1.5, and the phase errors are within5. It is shown that the reduced DC power phase shifter has the equivalent performances as well as the conventional one, except for the handling power capability.

The proportional relationship between the adaptive array under directional constraint and the adaptive array under least-mean-square-error criterion is proved for narrow-banded signal under the condition that the incident direction of the desired signal is identical with the constraint direction.

The phenomena of the wave propagation in a nonlinear transmission line are analyzed theoretically by the derivative expansion method. Each section of this line is constructed with a series inductor L1 and the shunt circuit consisting of a seriesed L2 - C2 element and a nonlinear capacitor C (V) in which V is a line voltage. There exist two modes; L.F. mode propagating in the frequency range 0ωωt and H.F. mode in the range ωpω, where (L2 C2)1 and (1C2/C(0)). In the strongly dispersive region the asymptotic behavior of the nonlinear waves is described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and by the Korteweg-de Vries equation in the weakly dispersive region. Critical frequencies ω10 and ω20 (ωpω20ω10) decompose the H.F. mode into three regions (1) ωpωω20, (2) ω20ωω10 and (3) ω10ω. The resonant interaction between the L.F. mode and the H.F. mode occurs in the frequency ω10, while the lowest order nonlinear interaction disappears in the frequency ω20. In the regions (1), (3) and the L.F. mode the plane wave is stable under the wave modulation, while the plane wave is unstable in the region (2). We derive the basic equations describing the three wave interactions and find that the plane wave with a large amplitude becomes unstable through the parametric decay instability. The wave number and maximum growth rate of the excited waves are determined.

A new type of 1:1 optical branch for optical fiber with low insertion loss was fabricated using three graded-index rods. Two pieces of the graded-index rods were cut in parallel to their own optical axes and cemented together with the cut surfaces, and then the third rod is butt-joined to the combined rods. The experimental results were that the insertion loss was 1.1 dB and the distribution ratio was 1:0.98 at 6328 wavelength. Minor modification of this structure enables us to get distribution rations other than 1:1.

In order to evaluate the speaker-factor in uttered words, multivariate analysis of variance for four-factor design with repeated measurements has been applied to the analysis of the spectral vectors obtained from Japanese V1 CV2 utterances by 10 adult male speakers, where V1, V2/a, i, u, e, o/ and Cm, n, η/. The speaker, the vowel V1, the consonant C, and the vowel V2 have been assigned to the four factors, respectively, and the interaction between speaker-factor and V1, C or V2-factor has been especially interesting in the analysis. As the results, what we should take into account as to the co-articulation of a certain phoneme are (1) the main effect of the phoneme, (2) the main effect of the just preceding (or following) phoneme, (3) the interaction between the phoneme and the just preceding (or following) phoneme, and (4) the main effect of the speaker-factor. The interactions between the speaker-factor and these phonemes are relatively small, and the influence of the speaker-factor to the co-articulation is not so complicated. These facts imply possibility of the speaker-independent description about the phoneme and the rule of co-articulation.

A large class of signals can be conveniently modeled by a stationary first-order Markoff process. This paper shows that for such a process the elements of the covariance matrix in the discrete Fourier transform domain can be calculated in closed form which facilitates a direct comparison of the transform with the discrete Karhunen-Loéve transform of KLT. A similar technique is applied to the analysis of the discrete consine transform or DCT. Both transforms are shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the KLT, i.e., they become equivalent to it as the block size or the number of sample points approaches infinity. Significant conclusions in this paper are that in the DCT domain the residual correlation is surprisingly smaller than in the DFT domain even for a nominal block size and that the decorrelation by the DCT is relatively immune to statistics change.

This paper presents a method of extraction of the requested information from English sentences which express a certain fact or relations. The restricted input-English sentences are deterministically reduced using the context-free-type production rules presented here, which is constructed tentatively by introducing nonterminal symbol with subscript-variables. And the corresponding logical expressions are constructed. Extractions of requested informations are efficiently performed using the transformation rules between atomic and functional expressions.