A set of three optical filters was designed and a camera system was developed using these filters in order to capture high-fidelity colors within the gamut of vision. Photographs of a number of highly saturated colors and a combination of the Macbeth chart and 18 pieces of clothing samples of various colors were taken. A 39 matrix was used to convert the camera output signals into XYZ tristimulus data. The tristimulus values of the colors were compared with those of the images captured by the camera. The average color difference, ΔE, for these samples were found to be 2.16 and 1.18, respectively.

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate affine motion parameters from consecutive images with the assumption that the motion in progress can be characterized by an affine model. The motion may be caused either by a moving camera or moving object. The proposed method first extracts motion vectors from a sequence of images and then processes them by adaptive robust estimation to obtain affine parameters. Typically, a robust estimation filters out outliers (velocity vectors that do not fit into the model) by fitting velocity vectors to a predefined model. To filter out potential outliers, our adaptive robust estimation defines a flexible weight function based on a sigmoid function. During the estimation process, we tune the sigmoid function gradually to its hard-limit as the errors between the input data and the estimation model are decreased, so that we can effectively separate non-outliers from outliers with the help of the finally tuned hard-limit form of the weight function. The experimental results show that the suggested approach is very effective in estimating affine parameters.

Video transcoding technique is an efficient mechanism to deliver visual contents to a variety of users who have different network conditions or terminal devices with different display capabilities. In this paper, we propose two types of transcoding methods for adapting the bitrate of streaming video to the bandwidth of the transmission channel; spatial resolution reduction (SRR) transcoding and temporal resolution reduction (TRR) transcoding. The two transcoding methods are alternatively operated according to the requirements of users. Experimental results show that the proposed transcoding methods can preserve image quality while transcoding to the low bitrate.

If some differences of perceptions arise between populations, then strategies which are regarded as the same strategy in a population may be perceived distinguishably in the other populations. To discuss such a situation, replicator dynamics for multi-population hypergames has been proposed. However, it is assumed that players' perceptions are given and fixed. In this paper, we consider that each population has various interpretation functions and choose one of them depending on payoffs, and we propose a hybrid system representation of replicator dynamics with changes of interpretation functions. Moreover, we apply our proposed model to a well-known example of a hypergame "Soccer Hooliganism" and show that behaviors converging to heteroclinic orbits can appear by the changes of the interpretation functions.

We have developed a stereoscopic large LED display with parallax barrier for use by the general public and stereoscopic cameras to show real world images in 3D. This paper aims to analyze stereoscopic camera separation and convergence angle to make the most use of a field of interest and the reproducible space provided by the large stereoscopic LED display. We describe the principle of a stereoscopic LED display with a parallax barrier and its reproducible space that is determined by the allowable range of disparity to fuse stereoscopic images. By using a model of stereoscopic imaging and display process, we introduce the formulas of the reproduced positions on our developed stereoscopic LED display. Furthermore, we analyze relationships between the stereoscopic camera separation, the convergence angle, the area of a field of interest, and the depth range of the reproduced space. The results show there are four categories in camera configurations: there are three kinds of camera configurations that have different characteristics and one configuration that is not recommended. Category A configuration reproduces a wide area of the field of interest in a long range of depth. Category B functions as a reduction of the field of interest. Category C functions as a magnification of the field of interest. In Category D, a narrow area of the field is reproduced in a short range of depth. In particular, for use by stereoscopic LED display with a rather low resolution, Category A and Category C are recommended because they fully use the reproducible positions.

Eigenvalue equations and expressions of EM fields for volume modes in an anisotropic single-negative slab with tensor material parameters is presented. By the comparison with the eigenvalue equation of surface modes along single-negative slab with negative scalar permeability, the validity of the present study is confirmed. We have also made clear which elements of the material parameter tensors affect existence of TE and TM modes in the slab. Taking the dispersion of material parameters into consideration, we demonstrate in detail that TE modes propagate in a slab with one negative element of the permeability tensor numerically. These TE modes turn out to be the magnetostatic waves (MSWs), which is the first demonstration of the MSW in a nonmagnetic material.

In this paper, we propose a robust statistical framework for extracting scenes from a baseball broadcast video. We apply multi-stream hidden Markov models (HMMs) to control the weights among different features. To achieve a large robustness against new scenes, we used a common simple structure for all the HMMs. In addition, scene segmentation and unsupervised adaptation were applied to achieve greater robustness against differences in environmental conditions among games. The F-measure of scene-extracting experiments for eight types of scene from 4.5 hours of digest data was 77.4% and was increased to 78.7% by applying scene segmentation. Furthermore, the unsupervised adaptation method improved precision by 2.7 points to 81.4%. These results confirm the effectiveness of our framework.

This letter presents parametric uncertainty bounds (PUBs) for stabilizing receding horizon H∞ control (RHHC). The proposed PUBs are obtained easily by solving convex optimization problems represented by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). We show, by numerical example, that the RHHC can guarantee a H∞ norm bound for a larger class of uncertain systems than conventional infinite horizon H∞ control (IHHC).

In order to introduce new routing functionality without changing the Internet infrastructure, many routing overlays have been proposed in recent years. Although such overlays allow us to dynamically and flexibly form various types of networks, the current host name resolution mechanism used in the Internet, i.e. DNS, cannot provide us such flexibility in host name referencing because of its delegation-based administration scheme of domain names. And also, it cannot provide us security because of the lack of wide deployment of its security extension, DNSSEC. In this paper, we propose a generic framework for secure and flexible host name resolution infrastructure that can be shared among many routing overlays. In contrast to DNS with which users are forced to use the domain name space managed by IANA/ICANN, our framework separates the name resolution mechanism from the name spaces it handles, which allows users to choose whatever name space they think appropriate for the identity scheme of their overlay-networking community. This realizes decentralized management of domain names and gives users freedom in domain name acquisition. The basic idea to achieve this is to use a cryptographically generated identifier (i.e. a hash of a public key) as a reference to an administrative domain of overlay networking hosts and allow the owner of the domain to securely publish host information using the corresponding private key. We show that a referencing mechanism for such host information can be easily implemented by using distributed hash tables (DHTs), and then show how such "semantic-free" references to domains can be linked to existing identity scheme in order to allow "human-friendly" referencing.

Several research fields have to deal with very large classification problems, e.g. handwritten character recognition and speech recognition. Many works have proposed methods to address problems with large number of samples, but few works have been done concerning problems with large numbers of classes. CombNET-II was one of the first methods proposed for such a kind of task. It consists of a sequential clustering VQ based gating network (stem network) and several Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based expert classifiers (branch networks). With the objectives of increasing the classification accuracy and providing a more flexible model, this paper proposes a new model based on the CombNET-II structure, the CombNET-III. The new model, intended for, but not limited to, problems with large number of classes, replaces the branch networks MLP with multiclass Support Vector Machines (SVM). It also introduces a new probabilistic framework that outputs posterior class probabilities, enabling the model to be applied in different scenarios (e.g. together with Hidden Markov Models). These changes permit the use of a larger number of smaller clusters, which reduce the complexity of the final classifiers. Moreover, the use of binary SVM with probabilistic outputs and a probabilistic decoding scheme permit the use of a pairwise output encoding on the branch networks, which reduces the computational complexity of the training stage. The experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms both the previous model CombNET-II and a single multiclass SVM, while presenting considerably smaller complexity than the latter. It is also confirmed that CombNET-III classification accuracy scales better with the increasing number of clusters, in comparison with CombNET-II.

Breaking arcs occurring between silver electrical contacts are observed in DC42 V resistive circuit using a high-speed camera. The motion and current densities of the cathode and anode spot regions are investigated for different interrupt currents (I=7 A, 10 A and 14 A). Results indicate that the arc length at which the motion of arc spots becomes stable depends on the interrupt current, and the current densities of the cathode spot region are almost constant immediately before arc extinction for each interrupt current.

We have been investigating an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based cellular system that is called "dynamic parameter controlled orthogonal frequency and time division multiple access (DPC-OF/TDMA)" for the development of beyond third generation (B3G) mobile communication systems. Moreover, we have already proposed a time alignment control (TAC) to compensate propagation delays that induce a multiple-access interference (MAI) in the uplink OFDMA. However, that TAC includes a large amount of computations. This means that it is quite difficult for the OFDMA systems to implement TAC into volume-limited hardware devices such as field programmable gate array (FPGA). Thus, we propose a new complexity-reduced TAC (CRTAC) in this paper. CRTAC can be implemented into such devices easily. In this paper, we show some computer simulation results, and then evaluate the error rate performances of DPC-OF/TDMA employing CRTAC. Moreover, we also show the benefit of the reasonable level of the implementation complexity made by CRTAC.

In this paper, we propose a new robust model predictive control (MPC) technique for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems expressed as linear systems with feedback parameters. It is based on the minimization of the upper bound of finite horizon cost function using a new parameter dependent terminal weighting matrix. The proposed parameter dependent terminal weighting matrix for norm-bounded uncertain models provides a less conservative condition for terminal inequality. The optimization problem that satisfies the terminal inequality is solved by semi-definite programming involving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A method which uses the moving time and the over travel time of contact to discover the characteristics of contact and the reliability of aerospace relay is proposed. The Gauss-Newton method and its improved form (Macalto method) are used to identify the nonlinear mathematical model of the parameter during armature initial moving period, which is from the coil is energized at a rated voltage to the moment the armature begins to move. The validity of the method is verified by results of actual experiments and analysis.

The audio delay is becoming an important factor in audio streaming over short-range wireless network. In this study, we propose an efficient two-level delay control method, called frame sequence adaptation and audio sampling frequency compensation, for achieving stable audio delay with a small variation. To prove the effectiveness of our scheme, we implemented and evaluated the scheme on a Bluetooth network. Experimental results show that our scheme can control audio delay robustly and remove phase shift problem in multi-channel stereophonic audio broadcasting as well.

Road traffic incidents analysis has shown that a third of them occurs without any conflict which indicates problems with road following. In this paper a driving safety assistance system is introduced, whose aim is to prevent the driver drifting off or running off the road. The road following system is based on a frontal on-board monocular camera. In order to get a high degree of reliability and robustness, an original combination of three different algorithms is performed. Low level results from the first two algorithms are used to compute a reliability indicator and to update a high level model through the third algorithm using Kalman filtering. Searching areas of the road sides for the next image are also updated. Experimental results show the reliability and the robustness of this original association of three different algorithms. Various road situations are addressed, including roads with high curvature. A multi-lanes extension is also presented.

This paper proposes a calibration method for catadioptric camera systems consisting of a mirror whose reflecting surface is the surface of revolution and a perspective camera as typified by HyperOmni Vision. The proposed method is based on conventional camera calibration and mirror posture estimation. Many methods for camera calibration have been proposed and during the last decade, methods for catadioptric camera calibration have also been proposed. The main problem with catadioptric camera calibration is that the degree of freedom of mirror posture is limited or the accuracy of the estimated parameters is inadequate due to nonlinear optimization. On the other hand, our method can estimate five degrees of freedom of mirror posture and is free from the volatility of nonlinear optimization. The mirror posture has five degrees of freedom, because the mirror surface has a surface of revolution. Our method uses the mirror boundary and can estimate up to four mirror postures. We apply an extrinsic parameter calibration method based on conic fitting for this estimation method. Because an estimate of the mirror posture is not unique, we also propose a selection method for finding the best one. By using the conic-based analytical method we can avoid the initial value problem arising from nonlinear optimization. We conducted experiments on synthesized images and real images to evaluate the performance of our method, and discuss its accuracy.

Active Shape Model (ASM) has been shown to be a powerful tool to aid the interpretation of images, especially in face alignment. ASM local appearance model parameter estimation is based on the assumption that residuals between model fit and data have a Gaussian distribution. Moreover, to generate an allowable face shape, ASM truncates coefficients of shape principal components into the bounds determined by eigenvalues. In this paper, an algorithm of modeling local appearances, called AdaBoosted ASM, and a shape parameter optimization method are proposed. In the algorithm of modeling the local appearances, we describe our novel modeling method by using AdaBoosted histogram classifiers, in which the assumption of the Gaussian distribution is not necessary. In the shape parameter optimization, we describe that there is an inadequacy on controlling shape parameters in ASM, and our novel method on how to solve it. Experimental results demonstrate that the AdaBoosted histogram classifiers improve robustness of landmark displacement greatly, and the shape parameter optimization solves the inadequacy problem of ASM on shape constraint effectively.

In this paper, we present a Korean to Chinese/English/Japanese multilingual Machine Translation (MT) system of closed captions for Digital Television (DTV). Preliminary experiments of our closed caption translation with existing base MT systems had shown unsatisfactory result. In order to achieve more accurate translation with the base MT systems, we adopted live resources of multilingual Named Entities and their translingual equivalences from the Web. We also utilize the program information, which the terrestrial broadcasters offer through DTV transport stream, in order to use program specific dictionaries, including the names of characters, locations and organizations. Two more components are adopted for reducing the ambiguities of parsing and word sense disambiguation; sentence simplification for long sentence segmentation and dynamic domain identification for automatic domain dictionary stacking. With these integrated approaches, we could raise the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of translation accuracy by 0.40 higher than the base MT systems.

In this paper, the confinement loss of octagonal photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with an isosceles triangle lattice of air-holes are numerically investigated. Taking into account the confinement loss, the mode field diameter (MFD), the effective area (Aeff) and the chromatic dispersion of octagonal PCFs are calculated, compared to conventional hexagonal PCFs. It is found from confinement loss and MFD results that the octagonal PCFs can confine the field strongly than the hexagonal PCFs due to the different air filling fraction. Moreover, it is shown that the octagonal PCFs are obtained not only positive but also negative larger dispersion values and smaller Aeff values compared to the hexagonal PCFs.