Typical circuit for quenching the contact-arcs is the capacitor C-resistor γ series circuit. In order to quench the bounce-arcs on contact closure, the upper limit of C, Cmax, has to be decided, so that Cmax was introduced and its validity was confirmed by using Hinge type relays.

In recent years, digital maps have been used in a variety of scenarios, including car navigation systems and map information services over the Internet. These digital maps are formed by multiple layers of maps of different scales; the map data most suitable for the specific situation are used. Currently, the production of map data of different scales is done by hand due to constraints related to processing time and accuracy. We conducted research concerning technologies for automatic generation of simplified map data from detailed map data. In the present paper, the authors propose the following: (1) a method to transform data related to streets, rivers, etc. containing widths into line data, (2) a method to eliminate the component points of the data, and (3) a method to eliminate data that lie below a certain threshold. In addition, in order to evaluate the proposed method, a user survey was conducted; in this survey we compared maps generated using the proposed method with the commercially available maps. From the viewpoint of the amount of data reduction and processing time, and on the basis of the results of the survey, we confirmed the effectiveness of the automatic generation of simplified maps using the proposed methods.

Face recognition is one of the most active research areas in pattern recognition, not only because the face is a human biometric characteristics of human being but also because there are many potential applications of the face recognition which range from human-computer interactions to authentication, security, and surveillance. This paper presents an approach to pose invariant human face image recognition. The proposed scheme is based on the analysis of discrete cosine transforms (DCT) and discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) of face images. From both the DCT and DWT domain coefficients, which describe the facial information, we build compact and meaningful features vector, using simple statistical measures and quantization. This feature vector is called as the hybrid dominant frequency features. Then, we apply a combination of the L2 and Lq metric to classify the hybrid dominant frequency features to a person's class. The aim of the proposed system is to overcome the high memory space requirement, the high computational load, and the retraining problems of previous methods. The proposed system is tested using several face databases and the experimental results are compared to a well-known Eigenface method. The proposed method shows good performance, robustness, stability, and accuracy without requiring geometrical normalization. Furthermore, the purposed method has low computational cost, requires little memory space, and can overcome retraining problem.

This letter illustrates the characteristics and causes of the noise voltage induced in adjacent circuit having resistive terminations at the break of silver contacts with inductive load.

Frequency spectra of arc pulses in the gaseous phase arc of the surge are compared breaking Ag contacts with the inductive load less than 770µH.

In this letter, a semi-automatic method for road network extraction from high-resolution satellite images is proposed. First, we focus on detecting the seed points in candidate road regions using a method of self-organizing map (SOM). Then, an approach to road tracking is presented, searching for connected points in the direction and candidate domain of a road. A study of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) using high-resolution satellite images is presented in this letter. Experimental results verified the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach.

Electric contact is one of the most important noise sources of electromagnetic noise. Hence, the noise of contact switching has been researched from various points of view with respect to the generation mechanism and properties. However, many phenomena have been remained not being investigated yet. In this paper, we describe our recent investigations about characteristics of the induced noise that is produced by the break of silver contact. The number of TTL IC's malfunction in the relay switching are counted under conditions of inductive load (10mH), circuit current (0.1-2A), and low source voltage (24V). From this experimental results, it became clear that the rate of malfunction decreased with increasing circuit current. To clarify its phenomenon, the circuit current dependence of the induced noise voltage was measured. It was observed that the level of induced noise voltage became the maximum in the current range of 0.2-1A. This property is discussed by the occurrence mechanism of each discharge mode on the break of contacts and the observation of induced noise corresponding to its mode.

This letter deals with a newly developed automatic system, which measures the rate of malfunction of digital circuits owing to noise induced by breaking electric contacts. In this system, a personal computer is used for the detection and the count of the malfunction in the digital circuit. Its experimental results are reported here.

In this paper, we propose the application of principal component analysis (PCA) to scale-spaces. PCA is a standard method used in computer vision. Because the translation of an input image into scale-space is a continuous operation, it requires the extension of conventional finite matrix-based PCA to an infinite number of dimensions. Here, we use spectral theory to resolve this infinite eigenvalue problem through the use of integration, and we propose an approximate solution based on polynomial equations. In order to clarify its eigensolutions, we apply spectral decomposition to Gaussian scale-space and scale-normalized Laplacian of Gaussian (sLoG) space. As an application of this proposed method, we introduce a method for generating Gaussian blur images and sLoG images, demonstrating that the accuracy of such an image can be made very high by using an arbitrary scale calculated through simple linear combination. Furthermore, to make the scale-space filtering efficient, we approximate the basis filter set using Gaussian lobes approximation and we can obtain XY-Separable filters. As a more practical example, we propose a new Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) detector.

Surface discharge is widely used for industrial ozonizers and toxic gas treatments, and is noise source. In this paper, an experimental investigation from the point of view of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has been conducted to evaluate the noise characteristics of surface discharge combustion flue gas cleaning systems. Mechanisms of propagation, coupling and formation are proposed based on the experimental observations.