Cardiac output can be measured from the rate of absorption of soluble inert gas across the lung using an electric model of human body suggested by W. Mapleson. Step response of the model becomes the sum of exponentials. Cardiac output is estimated from time constants and amplitude coefficients of the response. System for the measurement of the cardiac output which is based on this theory will be introduced below.

Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) are manufactured using many pieces of different processing equipment arranged sequentially in a line. Although the constant inter-arrival time (i.e., the tact time) of glass substrates in the line should be kept as short as possible, the collision probability between glass substrates increases as tact time decreases. Since the glass substrate is expensive and fragile, collisions should be avoided. In this paper, we derive a closed form formula of the approximate collision probability for a model, in which the processing time on each piece of equipment is assumed to follow Erlang distribution. We also compare some numerical results of the closed form and computer simulation results of the collision probability.

A precise measurement of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) provides us rich information about the universe. In particular, its asymmetric polarization patterns, $B$-modes, are smoking gun signature of inflationary universe. Magnitude of the $B$-modes is order of 10,nK. Its measurement requires a high sensitive millimeter-wave telescope with a large number of superconducting detectors on its focal plane. Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) is appropriate detector for this purpose. MKID camera has been developed in cooperation of National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Okayama University. Our developments of MKID include: fabrication of high-quality superconducting film; optical components for a camera use; and readout electronics. For performance evaluation of total integrated system of our MKID camera, a calibration system was also developed. The system was incorporated in a 0.1 K dilution refrigerator with modulated polarization source. These developed technologies are applicable to other types of detectors.

In this paper, we propose applying our previously reported adaptive peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction method using null space in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals to the downlink MIMO amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying transmission. Assuming MIMO-OFDM transmission, mitigating its high PAPR not only at the base station (BS) but also at the relay station (RS) transmitters is essential to achieve sufficient coverage enhancement from the RSs by minimizing the transmission power backoff levels at the nonlinear power amplifier. In this study, we assume an AF-type RS with multiple antennas. In the proposed method, the BS suppresses the PAPR of the transmitted signal through adaptive PAPR reduction utilizing the null space of the integrated overall MIMO channel that combines the channel between the BS and RS and the channel between the RS and a set of user equipment (UE). However, the PAPR of the received signal at each RS antenna is increased again due to the MIMO channel between the BS and RS. The proposed method reduces this increased PAPR at the AF-type RS transmitter by PAPR reduction processing that utilizes the null space in the MIMO channel between the RS and UE. Since the in-band PAPR reduction signal added at the RS transmitter is transmitted only in the null space of the MIMO channel between the RS and UE, interference at the UE receiver is mitigated. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method significantly improves the PAPR-vs.-throughput performance compared to that for the conventional one thanks to the reduced interference levels from the PAPR reduction signal observed at the UE receiver.