When decision-directed channel estimation is used for QAM-OFDM systems, the optimal filter shape depends on the amplitudes of the modulated symbols as well as the channel characteristics. In this letter we propose a simple channel estimation method for multi-level-amplitude-modulated systems, which can effectively suppress the estimation variances with a small filter. Using the proposed method the implementation cost can be reduced and possibly better results might be obtained by avoiding the estimation bias due to large-sized filtering.

In this paper, we propose two channel allocation schemes for supporting voice and multimedia traffic in hierarchical cellular systems. They are guaranteed to satisfy the required quality of service for multimedia traffic in accordance with their characteristics such as a mobile velocity for voice calls and a delay tolerance for multimedia calls. In the first, only slow-speed voice calls are allowed to overflow from macrocell to microcell and only adaptive multimedia calls can overflow from microcell to macrocell after reducing their bandwidth to the minimum channel bandwidth. In the second, in addition to the first scheme, non-adaptive multimedia calls can occupy the required channel bandwidth through reducing the channel bandwidth of adaptive multimedia calls. The proposed schemes are analyzed using the 2-dimensional Markov model. Through computer simulations, it is shown that the proposed schemes yield a significant improvement in terms of the forced termination probability of handoff calls. In particular, the second decreases the blocking probability of new calls as well as the forced termination probability of handoff calls.

In this paper, we propose a TCAD driven hot carrier reduction methodology of 3.3 V I/O pMOSFETs design. The hot carrier reliability of surface channel I/O pMOSFET having drain structure in common with core devices has a critical issue. It is substantially important for the high-reliability devices to reduce both drain avalanche and channel hot hole components. The drain structures are successfully optimized in short time by applications of TCAD local models. Considering tradeoffs between hot carrier injection (HCI) and drive current (ION), SDE/HALO of both core and I/O transistors can be totally optimized for reduction of process-steps and/or photo-masks.

The design criteria for space-time trellis codes (STTC's) in fast fading channels have been proposed: the Distance Criterion and the Product Criterion. The design criteria in [1] are based on optimizing the pairwise error probability (PWEP). However, the frame error rate (FER) of STTC's depends on the distance spectrum. In this paper, we propose a new design criterion for STTC's based on the distance spectrum in fast fading channels. The proposed design criterion is based on the product distance distribution for the large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the trace distribution for the small SNR, respectively. Moreover, we propose new STTC's by the computer search based on the proposed design criterion in fast fading channels. By computer simulation, we show that the proposed design criterion is more useful than the Product Criterion in [1] in fast fading channels. We also show that the proposed STTC's achieve better FER than the conventional STTC's in fast fading channels.

Transmit adaptive array requires the forward link channel state for evaluating the optimum transmit weight in which a feedback channel transports the forward link channel state to the base station. Since the feedback information limits the transmission rate of the reverse link traffic, it is necessary to keep the number of feedback bits to a minimum. This paper presents a system in which the N transmit antennas are extended to the 2N transmit antennas while the feedback channel is limited as that of N-transmit antenna system. The increased antennas can give additional diversity gain but requires higher rate of feedback bits. The limited feedback channel increases the quantization error of feedback information since the number of feedback bits assigned to each antenna is reduced. In order to overcome the limited rate of feedback channel problem, this paper proposes the transmit antenna selection schemes which can effectively use the limited feedback bits, reduce the computational complexity at the mobile station, and eventually achieve diversity gain. System performances are investigated for the case of N=4 for the various antenna selection schemes on both flat fading and multi-path fading channels.

This work describes an 8b 200 MHz time-interleaved subranging analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on a single-poly digital CMOS process. Two fine ADCs for lower digital bits of the proposed ADC employ a time-sharing double- channel architecture to increase the sampling speed and a new reference voltage switching scheme to reduce the settling time of the reference voltages and the chip area. The proposed intermeshed resistor string, which generates reference voltages for fine ADCs, improves the linearity and the settling time of the reference voltages simultaneously. The proposed sample-and-hold amplifier employs an input dynamic common mode feedback circuit for high dynamic performance, based on conventional common-drain amplifiers and passive differential circuits.

A TCAD implementation of a quantum-mechanical mobility model in the commercial device simulator DESSIS_ISE is presented. The model makes use of an integrated 1D Schrodinger-Poisson solver. Effective mobilities µeff and transfer characteristics are calculated for DGSOI MOSFETs with a wide range of silicon film thickness tSi and buried-oxide thickness tbox. It is shown that the volume-inversion related enhancement of µeff for tSi 10 nm is bound to symmetrical DGSOIs, whereas SIMOX based devices with thick buried oxides limit µeff to the bulk value. The still immature technology makes a conclusive comparison with experimental data impossible.

The problem of optimal placement of pilot symbols is considered for single carrier packet-based transmission over time varying channels. Both flat and frequency-selective fading channels are considered, and the time variation of the channel is modeled by Gauss-Markov process. The semi-blind linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) channel estimation is used. Two different performance criteria, namely the maximum mean square error (MSE) of the channel tap state over a packet and the cumulative channel MSE over a packet, are used to compare different placement schemes. The pilot symbols are assumed to be placed in clusters of length (2L+1) where L is the channel order, and only one non-zero training symbols is placed at the center of each cluster. It is shown that, at high SNR, either performance metric is minimized by distributing the pilot clusters throughout the packet periodically. It is shown that at low SNR, the placement is in fact not optimal. Finally, the performance under the periodic placement is compared with that obtained with superimposed pilots.

Turbo decoding with coherent detection requires accurate channel estimation. In this paper, we consider outer-turbo channel estimation (OTCE), which carries out iterative channel estimation before turbo decoding, and inner-turbo channel estimation (ITCE), which incorporates iterative channel estimation into turbo decoding process. The average bit error rate (BER) performances with OTCE and ITCE in a frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel with antenna diversity reception are evaluated by means of computer simulations to be compared. It is found that although ITCE is superior to OTCE, OTCE provides the average BER performance very close to ITCE when dual antenna diversity reception is used.

In estimating the channels for OFDM, ESAE has better performance than PSAM. But ESAE has the "run-away" phenomenon if the channel estimation errors accumulate. In the proposed Assisted Pilot for Improvement and stability of Mobile communication system (APIM) method, pilots used in PSAM, additional pilots and some pre-estimated channels are applied to estimate the channel. The experimental results show that the proposed method, APIM, significantly outperforms conventional methods in terms of MSE and BER under Rayleigh fading environment and has stable characteristics even in the high-speed mobile communication system.

This paper presents the results of field experiments on the pilot symbol assisted (PSA) coherent multistage interference canceller (COMSIC) receiver in the direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) reverse link. The implemented COMSIC receiver comprising three cancellation stages employs PSA channel estimation and replica generation of multiple access interference (MAI) of other users. The experimental results demonstrate that the COMSIC receiver associated with antenna diversity reception and fast transmission power control (TPC) exhibits effectiveness in suppressing severe MAI in actual multipath fading channels. The transmission power of a mobile station (MS) when the COMSIC receiver is employed at a base station (BS) is reduced by approximately 2.0 and 4.0 dB compared to that with the matched filter (MF)-based Rake receiver when the ratios of the target signal energy per bit-to-interference power spectrum density ratio (Eb/I0) of the desired user to the target user are Δtarget= -6 and -9 dB, respectively. Furthermore, for the COMSIC receiver, the transmission power of a MS at the average bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 with antenna diversity is decreased by approximately 7.5 and 11 dB compared to that without antenna diversity when the Δtarget values are -6 and -9 dB, respectively.

This paper proposes a new method to estimate the channel impulse response for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) mobile radio transmission. The method employs the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm so as to exploit the correlations in frequency and time domains, and can improve the estimation accuracy. It is also applicable to both the regular and scattered pilot schemes. Computer simulations demonstrate effectiveness of the method applied to the scattered pilot scheme.

In this article, we present a scattered pilot aided channel estimation and tracking technique for MIMO-OFDM systems. First we extend Li's estimation algorithm to scattered pilot-aided case. Then a scattered pilot-aided tracking scheme is developed to track the time-varying MIMO channel. The algorithms we present reduce the system overhead and channel estimation complexity to a low level with acceptable performance degradation. Simulations of a MIMO-OFDM system with four-transmit and four-receive antennas show that the new algorithm has better performance than Li's algorithm in time-varying MIMO channels.

In this paper, the separate coding scheme is applied to space-time turbo-coded modulations (ST-TuCM). The separate coding for ST-TuCM uses the plural number of component encoders, each of which is a binary turbo encoder in the transmitter. The receiver has component decoders corresponding to the component encoders. The likelihood values derived by the component decoders are employed as a-priori information of transmitted signal from other transmit antennas in iterative demodulation-decoding. Simulation results under the fast Rayleigh fading channel show that separate coding and iterative demodulation-decoding improve the bit error rate performance.

It is well known that diversity performance of communication systems using signals with high dimensions in time, frequency and/or spatial domains depends on correlation of the channel characteristics along signal dimensions. On the other hand, it has not been payed due attention how the coherent receiver which combines the signals is greatly affected by the erroneous channel estimation which can undermine the diversity gain. In this paper, assuming that the estimator is given the a priori probability of the channel characteristics, we propose an optimum estimation scheme based on MAP criterion, in an uplink-MC/CDMA system on channels with frequency selective fading, with an array of antennas at the receiver. The MAP estimator effectively takes into account the correlation of the channel characteristics that the conventional estimator neglects. We also propose a signal design in pilot symbol periods that enables the receiver to separately obtain the sufficient statistic for estimating the channel characteristics without MAI. Using computer simulation, we obtained MSE error performances of the proposed estimator compared with the conventional estimator and their effect on BER performances of the diversity combining receiver. It was observed that using the conventional estimator for combining greater number of signals than the effective channel dimension deteriorated the BER performance while using the proposed estimator kept the optimum performance just as the error-free estimator did. Also obtained for MC/CDMA systems are BER performances of the single user matched filter and MMSE receivers using the proposed and the conventional estimators. A considerable improvement of the MMSE performance was achieved owing to the optimum estimator. It remains for the a priori probability of the channel characteristics to be properly assumed and dealt with in sequential estimation.

In a wireless OFDM-CDMA system, the data-modulated symbol of each user is spread over multiple subcarriers in the frequency domain using a given spreading code. For the downlink (base-to-mobile) transmissions, a set of orthogonal spreading codes defined in the frequency domain is used so that different users data can be transmitted using the same set of subcarriers. The frequency selectivity of the radio channel produces the orthogonality destruction. There are several frequency equalization combining techniques to restore orthogonality, i.e., orthogonal restoration combining (ORC), control equalization combining (CEC) that is a variant of ORC, threshold detection combining (TDC), and minimum mean square error combining (MMSEC). The ORC can restore orthogonality among users but produces noise enhancement. However, CEC, TDC, and MMSEC can balance the orthogonality restoration and the noise enhancement. In this paper, we investigate, by means of computer simulation, how the BER performances achievable with ORC, CEC, TDC, and MMSEC are impacted by the propagation parameters (path time delay difference and fading maximum Doppler frequency), number of users, pilot power used for channel estimation, and channel estimation scheme. To acquire a good understanding of ORC, CEC, TDC, and MMSEC, how they differ with respect to the combining weights is discussed. Also, the downlink transmission performances of DS-CDMA and OFDM-CDMA are compared when the same transmission bandwidth is used. How much better performance is achieved with OFDM-CDMA than with DS-CDMA using ideal rake combining is discussed.

This paper proposes an adaptive radio parameter control scheme that utilizes an optimum radio parameter set comprising the maximum number of retransmissions in hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) in addition to the data modulation and channel coding scheme (MCS) according to the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (i.e., the required packet error rate and delay) and propagation conditions such as the delay spread in the forward link of Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing (OFCDM) broadband wireless access. We elucidate by simulation evaluation that most of the optimum MCSs are common regardless of the delay requirement of traffic data, i.e., common between non-real time (NRT) and real-time (RT) class data. Concretely, the three MCSs of QPSK with the coding rate of R=1/2, 16QAM with R=1/2 and 3/4 are optimum ones, although the additional MCS of QPSK with R=1/3 is effective only for the RT class data in the lower received average received signal energy per symbol-to-background noise power density ratio (Es/N0) region. Furthermore, application of a much higher MCS set, 16QAM with R=5/6 and 64QAM with R=3/4, in addition to the three common MCSs improves the throughput under much higher Es/N0 conditions in a small delay spread environment. The simulation results show that the delay requirement, i.e., the maximum number of retransmissions, in HARQ does not affect the key radio parameter such as MCS, because of informative results such as a smaller number of retransmissions associated with a less-efficient MCS achieves a higher throughput than does using a more highly-efficient MCS allowing a larger number of retransmissions. Consequently, it is concluded that the proposed adaptive radio parameter control according to the QoS requirements substantially results in the selection of the optimum MCS irrespective of the delay requirement except for the extreme case where no retransmissions are allowed and for special propagation channel conditions.

Jan and Tseng, in 1999, proposed two efficient digital signature schemes with subliminal channels. However, we show that a malicious subliminal receiver can forge subliminal messages that will be accepted by other subliminal receivers in Jan and Tseng's two schemes. Moreover, we also present a modification of Jan and Tseng's schemes to repair the security flaw.

This paper investigates transmission power control for packet transmissions by using code division multiplexing (CDM) in the downlink common (shared) channel of CDMA cellular packet systems and proposes a transmission power control scheme to improve throughput performance and geographical fairness of communication services. In the proposed scheme, downlink transmission power is controlled based on the signal-to-interference ratio predicted at mobile stations. Throughput performance and transmission delay are evaluated under perfect power control conditions. Simulation results show that by using site diversity technique the proposed scheme improves the downlink throughput for light load conditions and geographical fairness for all offered channel loads under both non-fading and fading environments.

This paper presents a performance comparison of the channel-interleaving method in the frequency domain, i.e., bit interleaving after channel encoding, symbol interleaving after data modulation, and chip interleaving after spreading, for Variable Spreading Factor-Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing (VSF-OFCDM) wireless access with frequency domain spreading, in order to reduce the required average received signal energy per symbol-to-background noise power spectrum density ratio (Es/N0) and achieve the maximum radio link capacity. Simulation results show that, for QPSK data modulation employing turbo coding with the channel coding rate R=3/4, the chip-interleaving method decreases the required average received Es/N0 the most for various radio parameters and propagation model conditions, where the number of code-multiplexing, Cmux, the spreading factor, SF, the r.m.s. delay spread, σ, the number of multipaths, L, and the maximum Doppler frequency, fD, are varied as parameters. For example, when Cmux=12 of SF=16, the improvement in the required average received Es/N0 from the case without interleaving at the average packet error rate (PER) of 10-2, is approximately 0.3, 0.3, and 1.4 dB for the bit, symbol, and chip interleaving, respectively, in a L=12-path exponential decayed Rayleigh fading channel with σ of 0.043 µsec and fD of 20 Hz. This is because the chip interleaving obtains a higher diversity gain by replacing the chip assignment over the entire bandwidth. Meanwhile, in 16QAM data modulation with R=1/2, the performance of the chip interleaving is deteriorated, when Cmux/SF>0.25, due to the inter-code interference caused by different fading variations over the spreading duration since the successive chips during the spreading duration are interleaved to the separated sub-carriers. Thus, bit interleaving exhibits the best performance although the difference between bit interleaving and symbol interleaving is slight. Consequently, we conclude that the bit-interleaving method is the best among the three interleaving methods for reducing the required received Es/N0 considering the tradeoff between the randomization effect of burst errors and the mitigation of inter-code interference assuming the application of adaptive modulation and channel coding scheme in OFCDM employing frequency domain spreading.