A compact and wide stopband low-pass filter (LPF) which consists of a hairpin structural resonator, a chip-capacitor, and inductor lines is proposed in this paper. With the capacitor loaded, the hairpin structure realized three transmission zeros in the stopband. The LPF with one hairpin unit was designed using the conventional prototype design procedure in the passband. To further improve the stopband characteristics, the LPF with three hairpin units was studied and designed with the same manner as in a one unit LPF. The finally designed three-hairpin LPF showed mostly 60 dB rejection characteristics in the conjunction with defected ground condition for avoiding the spurious response at the stopband. The measurement results agreed well with simulated ones.

A planar high-pass filter (HPF) by using cross-couplings in multi-layer structure is proposed in this paper. The HPF consists of parallel plate and gap type capacitors and inductor lines on the bottom conductor. The one block of the HPF has a ladder T-section in the bridge T configuration. The one block HPF is, thus, coarsely designed in the manner of the proto-type HPF and the performance is optimized by circuit simulator. With the gap capacitor adjusted the proposed HPF illustrates the steep slope characteristics near the cut-off frequency by the attenuation pole. In order to improve the stopband performance, the cascaded two block HPF is examined. Its measured results show the good agreement with the simulated ones giving the second attenuation pole by an inductive cross-coupling.

Error analysis of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm is studied for electromagnetic scattering problems. We propose novel error prediction and control methods and verify that the computational error for scattering problems with over one million unknowns can be precisely controlled under desired digits of accuracy. Optimum selection of truncation numbers to minimize computational error also will be discussed.

Evaluation of addition coefficients introduced by the addition theorems for vector spherical harmonics is one of the most intractable problems in electromagnetic scattering by multi-sphere systems. The derivation of the analytical expressions for the addition coefficients is lengthy and complex while the computation of the addition coefficients is annoyingly time-consuming even with the reasonably fast computers available nowadays. This paper presents an efficient algorithm for calculating addition coefficients which is based on the recursive relations of scalar addition coefficients. Numerical results from the formulation derived in this paper agree with those of previous published results but the algorithm proposed here reduces the computational time considerably. This paper also discusses the strengths and limitations of other formulations and numerical techniques found in the literature.

In this paper, a simple type of printed dipole is proposed for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) applications in cognitive radio. The antenna is composed of a transmission line and a dipole. Some examinations of key factors and optimized parameters of the antenna are presented. The measured results illustrate that the proposed antenna offers a bandwidth of over 50% for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) less than 2, extending from 2.4 GHz to 4.0 GHz. The antenna peak gain in E-plane and radiation patterns at different frequencies are also explored. In addition, based on the proposed antenna, we introduce two simple broadband arrays for MIMO applications in cognitive radio. One has two ports and the other has four ports. Measurement results indicate that the arrays also work in a broad bandwidth. Mutual couplings between ports in each array are kept under -10 dB at the low frequencies and under -20 dB at the high frequencies of bandwidth of the arrays. Furthermore, we utilized the antenna arrays for some MIMO experiments to estimate the channel capacity in a wide frequency range.

This paper presents the shielding effectiveness (SE) characteristics of a metallic wall with a narrow slot when exposed to a nearby dipole source or a plane wave. In order to characterize the dipole source SE, a radiation field, including the near field from the dipole source, is calculated. The results show that the dipole source SE depends on the source and field points. This SE is different from the plane wave SE in that it fluctuates with the position of the dipole source; the fluctuation period is about 0.5λ.

An infinitely long monopole antenna driven by a coaxial cable is revisited. The associated Weber transform and the mode-matching method are used to obtain simple simultaneous equations for the modal coefficients. Computations are performed to illustrate the behavior of current distribution and antenna admittance in terms of antenna geometries.

In this study, we demonstrate an acceleration of flexible generalized minimal residual algorithm (FGMRES) implemented with the method of moments and the fast multipole method (FMM), based on a combined tangential formulation. For the implementation of the FGMRES incorporated with the FMM concept, we propose a new definition of the truncation number for the FMM operator within the inner solver. The proposed truncation number provides an optimal variable preconditioner by controlling the accuracy and computational cost of the inner iteration. Moreover, to further accelerate the convergence, we introduce the concept of a multistage preconditioner. Numerical experiments reveal that our new version of FGMRES, based on the proposed truncation number for the inner solver and the multistage preconditioner, achieves outstanding acceleration of the convergence for large-scale and practical electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems with several levels of geometrical complexity.

Various planar folded dipole antennas with feed lines are introduced and analyzed. With the added feed line, the planar folded dipole antenna has two resonance modes. Moreover, adjusting the spacing and width of the feed line improves the broadband characteristics of the antenna. The attached feed line has not only an impedance transforming characteristic but also a bandwidth transforming characteristic. The bandwidth transforming characteristic means that the feed line can broaden the bandwidth of folded dipole antenna. A way to reduce the antenna area is also studied, and the characteristics of the resulting compact antenna are analyzed.

A small broadband omni-directional printed antenna comprising symmetrically arranged trapezoid elements is investigated for broadband Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and low center frequency characteristics. Two symmetrical trapezoid elements are printed on the bottom side of the substrate and are connected to a small ground plane printed on the same side over two strips. The trapezoid elements and the strips are excited in an electromagnetically coupled manner by the monopole element set between the trapezoid elements. Two resonance characteristics arise because the resonance part changes depending on the frequency, and a broad bandwidth becomes possible. The center frequency can be lowered by changing the shapes of the trapezoid elements. The monopole element length is a very important parameter for impedance matching. The space between the monopole element and the trapezoid elements is an important parameter for the optimization of two resonance characteristics. The proposed antenna is shown to achieve a VSWR bandwidth (≤2) of 28.9%, a low profile, and omni-directional pattern features. The measured and numerical results are in good agreement.

In this paper, the performance of the induced dimension reduction (IDR) method implemented along with the method of moments (MoM) is described. The MoM is based on a combined field integral equation for solving large-scale electromagnetic scattering problems involving conducting objects. The IDR method is one of Krylov subspace methods. This method was initially developed by Peter Sonneveld in 1979; it was subsequently generalized to the IDR(s) method. The method has recently attracted considerable attention in the field of computational physics. However, the performance of the IDR(s) has hardly been studied or practiced for electromagnetic wave problems. In this study, the performance of the IDR(s) is investigated and clarified by comparing the convergence property and memory requirement of the IDR(s) with those of other representative Krylov solvers such as biconjugate gradient (BiCG) methods and generalized minimal residual algorithm (GMRES). Numerical experiments reveal that the characteristics of the IDR(s) against the parameter s strongly depend on the geometry of the problem; in a problem with a complex geometry, s should be set to an adequately small value in order to avoid the "spurious convergence" which is a problem that the IDR(s) inherently holds. As for the convergence behavior, we observe that the IDR(s) has a better convergence ability than GPBiCG and GMRES(m) in a variety of problems with different complexities. Furthermore, we also confirm the IDR(s)'s inherent advantage in terms of the memory requirements over GMRES(m).

This paper presents flexible inner-outer Krylov subspace methods, which are implemented using the fast multipole method (FMM) for solving scattering problems with mixed dielectric and conducting object. The flexible Krylov subspace methods refer to a class of methods that accept variable preconditioning. To obtain the maximum efficiency of the inner-outer methods, it is desirable to compute the inner iterations with the least possible effort. Hence, generally, inaccurate matrix-vector multiplication (MVM) is performed in the inner solver within a short computation time. This is realized by using a particular feature of the multipole techniques. The accuracy and computational cost of the FMM can be controlled by appropriately selecting the truncation number, which indicates the number of multipoles used to express far-field interactions. On the basis of the abovementioned fact, we construct a less-accurate but much cheaper version of the FMM by intentionally setting the truncation number to a sufficiently low value, and then use it for the computation of inaccurate MVM in the inner solver. However, there exists no definite rule for determining the suitable level of accuracy for the FMM within the inner solver. The main focus of this study is to clarify the relationship between the overall efficiency of the flexible inner-outer Krylov solver and the accuracy of the FMM within the inner solver. Numerical experiments reveal that there exits an optimal accuracy level for the FMM within the inner solver, and that a moderately accurate FMM operator serves as the optimal preconditioner.

The conjugate gradient-fast multipole method (CG-FMM) is one of the powerful methods for analysis of large-scale electromagnetic problems. It is also known that CPU time and computer memory can be reduced by CG-FMM but such computational cost of CG-FMM depends on shape and electrical properties of an analysis model. In this paper, relation between the number of multipoles and number of segments in each group is derived from dimension of segment arrangement in four typical wiregrid models. Based on the relation and numerical results for these typical models, the CPU time per iteration and computer memory are quantitatively discussed. In addition, the number of iteration steps, which is related to condition number of impedance matrix and analysis model, is also considered from a physical point of view.

We investigated suitable spatial inverse filters for cortical dipole imaging from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). The effects of incorporating statistical information of signal and noise into inverse procedures were examined by computer simulations and experimental studies. The parametric projection filter (PPF) and parametric Wiener filter (PWF) were applied to an inhomogeneous three-sphere volume conductor head model. The noise covariance matrix was estimated by applying independent component analysis (ICA) to scalp potentials. The present simulation results suggest that the PPF and the PWF provided excellent performance when the noise covariance was estimated from the differential noise between EEG and the separated signal using ICA and the signal covariance was estimated from the separated signal. Moreover, the spatial resolution of the cortical dipole imaging was improved while the influence of noise was suppressed by including the differential noise at the instant of the imaging and by adjusting the duration of noise sample according to the signal to noise ratio. We applied the proposed imaging technique to human experimental data of visual evoked potential and obtained reasonable results that coincide to physiological knowledge.

This letter presents a low-profile printed monopole wideband antenna for mobile terminals. The proposed antenna is simply structured with an inverted-L strip, which occupies the small area of 3180.8 mm3 (0.023λL0.138λL0.006λL at lower frequency edge of 2.3 GHz) on a substrate which is perpendicular to the circuit board of the terminal. The height of the upright substrate is only 3 mm (3.8 mm including the circuit board). The proposed antenna achieves a 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 59.7% ranging from 2.16 GHz to 4 GHz, which can cover which can cover the 2.4 GHz WLAN (2.4-2.4835 GHz) and WiMAX (2.3-2.4/2.495-2.69/3.4-3.6 GHz) operational bands. It is suitable for application to a multiband mobile phone due to its relatively low profile.

This paper proposes a new power-factor-correction (PFC) topology, and explains its operation principle, its control mechanism, related application problems followed by experimental results. In this proposed topology, critical-conduction-mode (CRM) interleaved technique is applied to a bridgeless PFC in order to achieve high efficiency by combining benefits of each topology. This application is targeted toward low to middle power applications that normally employs continuous-conduction-mode boost converter.

In this paper, a microstrip lowpass filter using hairpin structure and Chip-Capacitor is proposed. Firstly, the LPF with one hairpin element is briefly designed and optimized with LC prototype structure using circuit simulator. With the capacitor loaded the proposed LPF illustrates the sharp attenuation performance near the cut-off frequency and the wideband rejection characteristics. Then, in order to improve the stopband attenuation the three-hairpin LPF is studied. By optimazing its design the attenuation is improved by 32 dB.

This paper proposes a new switched-beam eight-sector antenna for multi-gigabit wireless LAN in the 60-GHz band. Our antenna system introduces access-point (AP) and user-terminal (UT) antennas having the same secθ pattern in the elevation plane so that the received signal power at the receiver is kept constant, independent of the position of the UT. For this system, an eight-sector antenna, a single-pole eight-throw (SP8T) switch, and a beam control unit are integrated as the switched-beam eight-sector antenna. The specifications of the antenna are wide bandwidth ( ≥3 GHz), high-gain ( ≥13 dBi at θ =66), and wide coverage area in both azimuth (0 ≤ φ ≤ 180) and elevation planes (0 ≤ θ ≤ 66). The antenna beam is steered within the specified response time (which is short) by the Media Access Control (MAC). In our antenna, both high gain for a wide elevation angle and wide bandwidth are obtained by using the proposed closely spaced waveguide slot array antenna, which is used as each sector of the eight-sector antenna. The SP8T switch with the beam control unit enables 180 beam scan in the azimuth plane. In a component evaluation, the eight-sector antenna achieves a 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 8 GHz with more than 40-dB port-to-port isolation. Radiation characteristics of the eight-sector antenna indicate that it covers 82% of the entire coverage area at the center frequency and that the coverage rate in the operating frequency band is from 78% to 88%. The performance of the SP8T switch and the beam control unit is verified by measuring the insertion loss at all eight ports and the switching response time. In the antenna system evaluation, measurement by using two prototype antennas as the AP and the UT antennas in the usage condition indicates that the measured received signal power meets the specified constant power for the specified wide elevation angle range, independent of the position of the UT. These experimental results verify the effectiveness of our proposed antenna for multi-gigabit WLAN.

This paper proposes closed form solutions to the L2-sensitivity minimization subject to L2-scaling constraints for second-order state-space digital filters with real poles. We consider two cases of second-order digital filters: distinct real poles and multiple real poles. The proposed approach reduces the constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained optimization problem by appropriate variable transformation. We can express the L2-sensitivity by a simple linear combination of exponential functions and formulate the L2-sensitivity minimization problem by a simple polynomial equation. As a result, L2-sensitivity is expressed in closed form, and its minimization subject to L2-scaling constraints is achieved without iterative calculations.

This paper presents a field penetration characteristic, into a metallic wall with a narrow slot, due to a nearby dipole source. Coupled integral equations are derived and solved by applying Galerkin's method of moments (MoM) for calculating the penetrating electric field. It is shown that the 26 dB attenuation level field penetration into the narrow slot occurs at the dipole source position of much more than about 0.6 λ separation distance along the lateral direction from the slot center. It is also found that the 30 dB attenuation levels field penetration appear at the observation positions of much more than about 0.5 λ along the direction of the slot length and about 1.07 λ separation distance along the direction of the slot width from the slot center.