This paper presents a novel spectrum sensing technique based on selection diversity combining in cognitive radio networks. In general, a selection diversity combining scheme requires a period to select an optimal element, and spectrum sensing requires a period to detect a target signal. We consider that both these periods are required for the spectrum sensing based on selection diversity combining. However, conventional techniques do not consider both the periods. Furthermore, spending a large amount of time in selection and signal detection increases their accuracy. Because the required period for spectrum sensing based on selection diversity combining is the summation of both the periods, their lengths should be considered while developing selection diversity combining based spectrum sensing for a constant period. In reference to this, we discuss the spectrum sensing technique based on selection diversity combining. Numerical examples are shown to validate the effectiveness of the presented design techniques.

In this paper, we consider a two-hop relay network with a decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol where a multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) relay station (RS) is deployed in a cell edge to extend cell coverage of a base station (BS). We propose two MIMO relaying schemes to improve the quality of the BS-RS link, which is a key to improve data rates in the DF relaying: 1) spatial multiplexed MIMO antenna relaying (SM-MAR) with a uniform channel decomposition (UCD) precoder, and 2) MIMO relaying with section diversity (SD-MAR). In the SM-MAR, we greatly simplify user allocation by the UCD precoder and propose a sophisticated rate maximization technique to resolve the non-convexity of rate maximization problems. Through simulations, we show that the proposed UCD based power allocation exhibits up to two times higher achievable throughput than other techniques. In addition, the proposed SD-MAR supports the BS with a single transmit antenna and increases the signal quality of the BS-RS link with the selection diversity at the RS, which is much simpler to be implemented. For the SD-MAR, we derive a closed form expression for the achievable throughput and show that the selection diversity plays more important role on the achievable throughput than the multiuser diversity.

This paper studies channel sounding for selfish dynamic spectrum control (S-DSC) in which each link dynamically maps its spectral components onto a necessary amount of discrete frequencies having the highest channel gain of the common system band. In S-DSC, it is compulsory to conduct channel sounding for the entire system band by using a reference signal whose spectral components are sparsely allocated by S-DSC. Using nonuniform sampling theory, this paper exploits the finite impulse response characteristic of frequency selective fading channels to carry out the channel sounding. However, when the number of spectral components is relatively small compared to the number of discrete frequencies of the system band, reliability of the channel sounding deteriorates severely due to the ill-conditioned problem and degradation in channel capacity of the next frame occurs as a result. Aiming at balancing frequency selection diversity effect and reliability of channel sounding, this paper proposes an S-DSC which allocates an appropriate number of spectral components onto discrete frequencies with low predicted channel gain besides mapping the rest onto those with high predicted channel gain. A numerical analysis confirms that the proposed S-DSC gives significant enhancement in channel capacity performance.

In this work, we analyze the performance of cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks under the spectrum sharing approach. In particular, by assuming that the AF relay operates in the semi-blind mode (fixed-gain), we derive the exact closed-form expressions of the outage probability for the cognitive relaying (no direct link) and cognitive cooperative (with direct link) systems. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis.

This paper proposes a spectrum-overlapped resource management (SORM) technique where each user equipment (UE) can ideally obtain the frequency selection diversity gain under multi-user environments. In the SORM technique for cellular systems, under assumption of adopting a soft canceller with minimum mean square error (SC/MMSE) turbo equalizer, an evolved node B (eNB) accepts overlapped frequency resource allocation. As a result, each UE can use the frequency bins having the highest channel gain. However, the SORM becomes non-orthogonal access when the frequency bins having high channel gain for UEs are partially identical. In this case, the inter-user interference (IUI) caused by overlapping spectra among UEs is eventually canceled out by using the SC/MMSE turbo equalizer. Therefore, SORM can achieve better performance than orthogonal access e.g. FDMA when the IUI is completely canceled. This paper demonstrates that SORM has the potential to improve transmission performance, by extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis. Moreover, this paper evaluates the block error rate (BLER) performance of the SORM and the FDMA. Consequently, this paper shows that the SORM outperforms the FDMA.

This paper presents a novel cross-layer approach to explore selection diversity for distributed clustering based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by selecting a proper cluster-head. We develop and analyze an instantaneous channel state information (CSI) based cluster-head selection algorithm for a distributed, dynamic and randomized clustering based WSN. The proposed cluster-head selection scheme is also random and capable to distribute the energy uses among the nodes in the network. We present an analytical approach to evaluate the energy efficiency and system lifetime of our proposal. Analysis shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the performance of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel under Rayleigh fading environment. This proposal also outperforms the existing cooperative diversity protocols in terms of system lifetime and implementation complexity.

Transmit adaptive array requires the forward link channel state for evaluating the optimum transmit weight in which a feedback channel transports the forward link channel state to the base station. Since the feedback information limits the transmission rate of the reverse link traffic, it is necessary to keep the number of feedback bits to a minimum. This paper presents a system in which the N transmit antennas are extended to the 2N transmit antennas while the feedback channel is limited as that of N-transmit antenna system. The increased antennas can give additional diversity gain but requires higher rate of feedback bits. The limited feedback channel increases the quantization error of feedback information since the number of feedback bits assigned to each antenna is reduced. In order to overcome the limited rate of feedback channel problem, this paper proposes the transmit antenna selection schemes which can effectively use the limited feedback bits, reduce the computational complexity at the mobile station, and eventually achieve diversity gain. System performances are investigated for the case of N=4 for the various antenna selection schemes on both flat fading and multi-path fading channels.

This paper presents a novel design method for reducing the complexity of the design procedure for diversity antennas on the hand-held phone. Recently, antenna selection diversity has been widely used for hand-held phones in order to overcome a problem of fading. A monopole antenna and an inverted-F antenna are the typical combination for this purpose. In the case of the conventional design method, the mutual coupling between two antennas are used for improving the diversity performance. However, strong mutual coupling often makes the diversity antenna design difficult and degrades the radiation performance. The proposed design method suppresses this coupling by tuning the terminating impedance on the unselected antenna and improves the diversity performance by modifying the shape of inverted-F antenna. The validity of the proposed method is investigated under the effect of the user's hand and head by FDTD simulation.

Recently, antenna selection diversity has been widely used for hand-held phones to overcome a fading problem. A monopole antenna (MPA) and an inverted-F antenna (IFA) are the typical antennas used for this purpose. However, strong mutual coupling generally appears between these two antennas and often makes the diversity antenna design difficult. In particular, in the case that the MPA is unselected antenna the mutual coupling can be minimized using the open terminating impedance. On the other hand, in the case that the IFA is unselected antenna the terminating impedance, which can minimize the mutual coupling, has not been clarified. This paper presents a novel analytical method for optimizing the terminating impedance of the IFA. The method exploits the Z-matrix, and the final expression of the terminating impedance is expressed by self- and mutual-impedance. The numerical and experimental results confirm that the proposed optimization method is effective for minimizing the mutual coupling.

The performance of selection diversity combined with decision feedback equalizer for reception of TDMA carriers is investigated in this paper. The second generation digital land mobile communication systems standardized in the U.S., Japan, and Europe employ TDMA carriers at transmission bit rates up to several hundreds kbit/s. In order to provide higher quality of mobile communications services to the user with employing TDMA carriers, the systems would require both diversity and equalization techniques to combat attenuation of received signal power level due to Rayleigh fading and intersymbol interference resulting from time-variant multipath fading, respectively. This paper proposes a novel integration method of selection diversity and decision feedback equalization techniques which provides the better bit error rate performance than that for the conventional selection diversity method with decision feedback equalizer. The feature of proposed method is that selection diversity and decision feedback equalization techniques are integrated so as to interwork each other. We call the proposed method by the Decision Feedback Diversity with Decision Feedback Equalizer. The detailed algorithm of the proposed method is first presented, and then the system parameters for the method are evaluated based on the computer simulation results. Finally the computer simulation results for the performance of the proposed method are presented and compared to those for the conventional Selection Diversity with Decision Feedback Equalizer and the conventional Dual Diversity Combining and Equalization method under the typical mobile radio environments, in order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

The path diversity improvement inherent in direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) signalling under multi-path propagation environments is investigated for mobile/personal radio communications systems that employ DPSK modulation. The bit error rate (BER) performance of post-demodulation selection diversity reception is theoretically analyzed in the presence of noise-only-paths in the time window for diversity combining. Results of laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate the BER performance are also presented. It is shown that the experimental results agree well with the theoretical BER.