The IMT-2000 service launched in 2001 in Japan is expected to popularize multimedia services such as videophone, visual mail, video, and music distribution. With the rapidly increasing demand for high-speed mobile multimedia and the need to support diversified requirements of users, wireless Quality of Service (QoS) resource management has become an important and challenging issue. In order to improve the system capacity and rate of satisfied users, in this paper, a novel wireless QoS resource management scheme is proposed to carry out radio resource cooperative control among base stations. Computer simulations indicate that the proposed QoS resource cooperative control exhibits superior performance over conventional ones, and that a higher rate of satisfied users is achieved.

Adaptive Battery Conservation Management (ABCM), an effective form of power conservation for mobile terminals in an always-connected environment, was proposed and evaluated in a previous published work. The ABCM method employs three states: active, dormant, and the Battery Saving Mode (BSM). The BSM is defined as a battery-saving state; in the BSM, the mobile terminal saves power by intermittently receiving paging notifications via a paging channel between the packet bursts of a session. Two control parameters, the sleep-timer and paging interval, are set up according to packet class and are the keys to the performance of a system with this method. In real-time communications, a long sleep-timer and short paging interval are selected to minimize buffering delay. In non-real-time communications, on the other hand, a short sleep-timer and long paging interval are chosen to reduce power consumption by the mobile terminal. Our previous evaluation showed that the method is effective as a means for power conservation in non-real-time communications. In real-time communications, on the other hand, the ABCM method provides shorter buffering delays and the same battery-conservation performance as the conventional method. To further improve the ABCM method's performance, we now propose an enhanced ABCM method that employs multiple BSM sub-modes, each of which has a different paging interval. As dormant periods become longer, the mobile terminal makes transition to successive sub-modes, each of which has a longer interval than the previous one. In this paper, we evaluate the battery conservation effect of the ABCM method through theoretical analysis and computer simulation. Numerical evaluation indicates that the ABCM method will be suitable for the broadband multimedia packet-radio systems of the future.

An important and widely considered signal identification technique for cognitive radios is cyclostationarity-based feature detection because this method does not require time and frequency synchronization and prior information except for information concerning cyclic autocorrelation features of target signals. This paper presents the development and experimental evaluation of cyclostationarity-based signal identification equipment. A spatial channel emulator is used in conjunction with the equipment that provides an environment to evaluate realistic spectrum sharing scenarios. The results reveal the effectiveness of the cyclostationarity-based signal identification methodology in realistic spectrum sharing scenarios, especially in terms of the capability to identify weak signals.

Supporting diversified rates for real-time communications will become possible and essential with the rapidly increasing transmission rates provided by the 4th generation (4G) mobile communication systems. In this paper, a novel wireless Quality of Service (QoS) scheme suitable for broadband CDMA packet cellular systems with adaptive modulation coding is proposed and its characteristics are described. The proposed QoS scheme comprises several control factors laid on the MAC and RRC layers, and can be harmonized with IP-QoS. Two important control factors are proposed: radio-condition-aware admission control and resource allocation reflected multistage scheduling. Computer simulations and testbed experiments indicate that by using the radio-condition-aware admission control, stable and guaranteed service can be provided to real-time users regardless of the interference and the variation in the location of the mobile station. Moreover, resource allocation reflected multistage scheduling maintains guaranteed rates for real-time users and provides high resource utilization efficiency for best-effort users. Consequently, by using the proposed wireless QoS scheme, it is possible to provide users with high quality and diversified real-time services, on a packet based radio network for enhanced 3G and beyond.

The demand for data communication over Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) is expected to rapidly increase in the near future. Some applications based on the circuit-switched services have been recently developed. However, the packet-switched service is better than the circuit-switched service for personal data communications in terms of the flexible utilization of radio resources. In this paper, we propose PHS with packet data communications system (PHS-PD), which has four system concepts; (i) to supprot the Internet access, (ii) to realize compatibility with circuit-switching services, (iii) to share the common radio channels with circuit-switched calls, and (iv) to utilize idle time slots for packet data. Moreover, a novel packet channel structure for sharing radio resources with circuit-switched calls is introduced. Although packet data are transferred using common radio resources, the proposed channel structure prevents any degradation in call loss performance of the circuit-switching service. An evaluation of the maximum packet transmission rate shows that PHS-PD can offer a data communication rate of 20.1 kbps even if circuit-switched calls are in progress. Furthermore, up to 83.6 kbps is possible if circuit-switched calls are quiescent. It is also shown that enough capacity for a practical e-mail service can be ensured by PHS-PD even if the degradation of throughput performance due to packet collisions on random access channels is considered.

The emerging multimedia applications for future mobile communication systems typically require highly diversified Quality of Service (QoS). However, due to the time and location dependent fluctuating nature of radio resources in the radio link, it is very difficult to maintain a constant level of QoS with the current end-to-end QoS control only. Therefore, wireless-aware QoS is the key issue for achieving better end-end QoS. In this paper, a new wireless QoS scheme for a joint CDMA/NC-PRMA cellular system are proposed considering QoS prioritization mechanism, users' diversified requirements and the harmonization with IP-QoS. Two wireless QoS-aware resource allocation algorithms are proposed to support QoS prioritization while achieving high radio resource utilization. By introducing a set of new QoS resource request parameters (minimum, average and maximum requirements), the algorithms can assign radio resource in a more flexible way than the conventional fixed resource allocation. Computer simulations indicate that the proposed QoS algorithms exhibit superior performance with respect to packet dropping probability for realtime application users, and improve transmission rate for non-realtime application users, which evince the effectiveness of the proposed wireless QoS algorithms.

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) utilizing the power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as one promising multiple access technology for further cellular enhancements toward the 5th generation (5G) mobile communications system. Most of the existing investigations into NOMA focus on the combination of NOMA with orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for either downlink or uplink. In this paper, we investigate NOMA for uplink with single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) being used. Differently from OFDMA, SC-FDMA requires consecutive resource allocation to a user equipment (UE) in order to achieve low peak to average power ratio (PAPR) transmission by the UE. Therefore, sophisticated designs of scheduling algorithm for NOMA with SC-FDMA are needed. To this end, this paper investigates the key issues of uplink NOMA scheduling such as UE grouping method and resource widening strategy. Because the optimal schemes have high computational complexity, novel schemes with low computational complexity are proposed for practical usage for uplink resource allocation of NOMA with SC-FDMA. On the basis of the proposed scheduling schemes, the performance of NOMA is investigated by system-level simulations in order to provide insights into the suitability of using NOMA for uplink radio access. Key issues impacting NOMA performance are evaluated and analyzed, such as scheduling granularity, UE number and the combination with fractional frequency reuse (FFR). Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and show that NOMA is a promising radio access technology for 5G systems.

This paper proposes a new MAC protocol and physical channel control schemes for TDMA-TDD multi-slot packet channel. The goal of this study is to support both circuit-switched and packet-switched communications on the same resources and to enable high-speed packet transmission using a multi-slot packet channel. In the proposed channel control schemes, three points are taken into account; 1) effective sharing of time slots and frequencies with minimum impact on circuit communications, 2) compatibility with the existing access protocol and equipment, and 3) dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink slots. As for the MAC protocol, we adopt BRS (Block Reservation Scheme) and adaptive access control scheme to the proposed MAC protocol. In addition, to overcome the inherent disadvantage of TDD channels, packet scheduling and access randomizing control are newly proposed in this paper. The results of throughput and delay evaluations confirm that downlink capacity can be drastically enhanced by the dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink slots while corruption under heavy traffic loads is prevented by applying the adaptive traffic load control scheme.

Multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are two key techniques for broadband wireless mobile communications and channel state information (CSI) is critical for the realization and performance of MIMO-OFDM systems in doubly-selective fading channels. Channel estimation based on two-dimensional discrete-time Fourier transform interpolation (2D-DFTI) is a promising solution to obtain accurate CSI for MIMO-OFDM systems in theory because of both its robustness and high computational efficiency, however, its performance will degrade significantly in practical MIMO-OFDM systems due to the two-dimensional Gibbs phenomenon caused by virtual subcarriers and burst transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel channel estimation method based on the two-dimensional enhanced DFT interpolation (2D-EDFTI), i.e., the frequency-domain EDFTI (FD-EDFTI) concatenated with the time-domain EDFTI (TD-EDFTI), for practical burst-mode MIMO-OFDM systems with virtual subcarriers, which can increase the channel estimation accuracy effectively by mitigating the Gibbs phenomenon in frequency-domain and time-domain, respectively, while keeping good robustness and high computational efficiency. In addition to computer simulations, we further implement the 2D-EDFTI channel estimator into our real-time FPGA testbed of 44 MIMO-OFDM transmission via spatial multiplexing, together with different MIMO detectors. Both computer simulations and RF experiments demonstrate the superior performance of 2D-EDFTI channel estimation in doubly-selective fading channels, therefore, high-throughput MIMO-OFDM transmission based on different MIMO detection algorithms can always be well supported. Also, it can be applied to other MIMO-OFDM transmission schemes straightforwardly.

This paper introduces a new analytic method that uses modified state equations to evaluate the performance of PCSD (Packet Channel Sharing protocol for DCA systems) with the goal of increasing the spectrum efficiency of DCA systems by realizing channel sharing between circuit-switched calls and packets. The results of this analysis show that PCSD is more suitable for microcellular systems than cellular systems, and that PCSD system performance improves as the average holding time of circuit-switched calls increases. Moreover, this paper proposes a novel scheme to determine the optimum release delay time of packet channels in order to achieve high throughput for packets as well as high channel capacity for circuit-switched calls. The proposed scheme shows that the optimum release delay time for PHS (Personal Handy-phone System) is greater than 60 frames and less than 100 frames.

We provide a theoretical analysis of the capacity achievable by an open/closed-access cognitive radio system, where the system uses spectrum resources primarily allocated to a macro cellular system. For spectrum sharing, we consider two methods based on listen-before-talk and adaptive transmit power control principles. Moreover, outdoor and indoor installations of CRS stations are investigated. We have also taken the effect of antenna heights into consideration. Numerical results reveal the capacities possible from CRS base stations installed within the coverage area of the macro cell system. We show numerical examples that compare the capacities achievable by open-access and closed access cognitive radio systems.

Carrier aggregation (CA) is one of the most important techniques for LTE-Advanced because of its capability to support a wide transmission bandwidth of up to 100 MHz and heterogeneous networks effectively while achieving backward compatibility with the Release 8 LTE. In order to improve the performance of control information transmission in heterogeneous networks, cross-carrier scheduling is supported, i.e., control information on one component carrier (CC) can assign radio resources on another CC. To convey the control information efficiently, a search space is defined and used in Release 8 LTE. In cross-carrier scheduling, the optimum design for the search space for different CCs is a paramount issue. This paper presents two novel methods for search space design. In the first method using one hash function, a user equipment (UE)-specific offset is introduced among search spaces associated with different CCs. Due to the UE-specific offsets, search spaces of different UEs are staggered and the probability that the search space of one UE is totally overlapped by that of another UE can be greatly reduced. In the second method using multiple hash functions, a novel randomization scheme is proposed to generate independent hash functions for search spaces of different CCs. Because of the perfect randomization effect of the proposed method, search space overlapping of different UEs is reduced. Simulation results show that both the proposed methods effectively reduce the blocking probability of the control information compared to existing methods.

We aim to establish a highly efficient transmitting power control (TPC) scheme suitable for the reverse link of high-speed CDMA packet communication systems. Reservation-based access is assumed to be used for packet transmission in the reverse link. First, we describe a hybrid TPC that we created to cope with average interference changes. The target receiving power in the hybrid TPC is set according to the interference averaged over a comparatively long period of time. We show, using experiments on our high-speed packet communication experimental system, that hybrid TPC can effectively reduce transmission power consumption and PER compared with basic receiving power based TPC. Furthermore, we need to change the transmitting power according to the instantaneous interference to cope with instantaneous interference changes slot by slot. However, in a high-speed packet communication system, the interference level can change dramatically in a very short period of time. The TPC of cdma2000 or W-CDMA cannot efficiently cope with rapidly and greatly changing interference levels. Therefore, we created another two novel TPCs. Interference is divided in these TPCs into intra-cell and inter-cell interference. The supposed inter-cell interference level is changed according to the change in the probability distribution of the inter-cell interference, and the necessary transmitting power for a packet is calculated based on intra-cell allocation information and the supposed inter-cell interference level. Computer simulations show that, with the proposed TPCs, throughput can be increased by more than 200% compared with the type of TPC used in cdma2000 or W-CDMA, and the transmitting power consumption in a mobile host (MH) can also be vastly reduced.

Multiple access (MA) technology is of most importance for beyond long term evolution (LTE) system. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, power assignment method, which plays a key role in performance of NOMA, is investigated. The power assignment on the basis of maximizing geometric mean user throughput requires exhaustive search and thus has an unacceptable computational complexity for practical systems. To solve this problem, a novel power assignment method is proposed by exploiting tree search and characteristic of serial interference cancellation (SIC) receiver. The proposed method achieves the same performance as the exhaustive search while greatly reduces the computational complexity. On the basis of the proposed power assignment method, the performance of NOMA is investigated by link-level and system-level simulations in order to provide insight into suitability of using NOMA for future MA. Simulation results verify effectiveness of the proposed power assignment method and show NOMA is a very promising MA technology for beyond LTE system.