To improve the reliability and efficiency of multicast transmissions in wireless systems, a novel retransmission procedure is desired. In this paper, the representative acknowledgment scheme for reliable wireless multicast communications is proposed that offers quite a low packet loss rate. The proposed protocol carries out retransmissions in the datalink layer within the wireless region, and retransmissions do not affect the traffic in the wired region. The representative acknowledgment scheme employs both positive acknowledgment (ACK) and negative acknowledgment (NACK) to achieve reliable multicast transmissions and reduces the number of responses to be returned by forming groups of stations in the cell. One of the members in a group, called a representative station, returns a response for a received data frame while the others return a NACK if necessary. With this scheme, reliable multicast transmissions are enabled in wireless communications without spending much time as in conventional reliable multicast protocols. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated by numerical analyses and by computer simulation. The results show that 30% or more decrease in transmission time is achieved in a typical wireless environment.

This paper proposes a simple adaptive channel estimation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in order to realize high-rate wireless local area networks (LANs). The proposed estimator consists of simple frequency-domain FIR filters, which are adaptively selected according to the difference vector between adjacent subcarriers and channel amplitude of the subcarrier. No precomputation or matrix signal processing is required in the derivation of these characteristics. Computer simulations show that the packet error rate performance of the proposed scheme is superior to that of the least-squares scheme by 1.1 dB in terms of required Eb/N0 at PER=0.1 in AWGN channels. They also show, for the same criterion, a 0.7 dB improvement in a frequency selective fading channel with delay spread values of 100 ns.

This paper proposes a new vector error measurement scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems that is used to define transmit modulation accuracy. The transmit modulation accuracy is defined to guarantee inter-operability among wireless terminals. In OFDM systems, the transmit modulation accuracy measured by the conventional vector error measurement scheme can not guarantee inter-operability due to the effect of phase noise. To overcome this problem, the proposed vector error measurement scheme utilizes pilot signals in multiple OFDM symbols to compensate the phase rotation caused by the phase noise. Computer simulation results show that the vector error measured by the proposed scheme uniquely corresponds to the C/N degradation in packet error rate even if phase noise exists in the OFDM signals. This means that the proposed vector error measurement scheme makes it possible to define the transmit modulation accuracy and so guarantee inter-operability among wireless terminals.

This paper proposes a lattice-reduction-aided MIMO-OFDM receiver with virtual channels; the receiver enables an increase in the downlink transmission speed for a user where the number of transmit antennas is considerably higher than that of the receive antennas. However, the receiver has a higher computational complexity than conventional lattice-reduction-aided MIMO receivers. Accordingly, we also propose novel techniques to reduce the computational complexity for the lattice-reduction-aided MIMO receivers with virtual channels. The proposed MIMO receiver achieves superior performance in 102 MIMO-OFDM systems. Furthermore, the proposed techniques are shown to reduce the computational complexity to approximately 40% of the original configuration in the 102 MIMO-OFDM systems.

This paper proposes a novel scheme called as“frequency domain imbalance estimation” that estimates the imbalance of the Hilbert transformer in heterodyne multimode/band receivers with baseband automatic gain control (AGC). The proposed scheme uses correlation matrices in the frequency domain. This enables the receivers to keep high transmission performance in spite of the imbalance of the analog Hilbert transformer, by offsetting the imbalance. Moreover, the baseband AGC relaxes the requirement of the baseband A/D converter. The performance of imbalance estimation and imbalance cancellation is verified by computer simulation. As a result, it is shown that the proposed scheme not only estimates the imbalance of Hilbert transformer with extremely high precision, but also cancels the image-band interference such that it achieves the theoretical performance.

This paper proposes a suitable combination of the digital modulation schemes and the coding-rate of forward error correction (FEC) schemes for satellite digital video communication networks. The comparative study is carried out by computer simulation considering non-linearly amplified, narrow bandwidth satellite channels with adjacent channel interference signals. The proposed system employs an offset QPSK modulation scheme supported by the coding-rate of 7/8 convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding to realize high-quality and compact spectrum characteristics in non-linear channels. By employing a 32Mbps DPCM video codec, the developed prototype system achieves a post demodulated S/N ratio of higher than 52dB. Moreover, it achieves high protection ratio against co-channel interference than conventional analog FM systems. The optimized digital video transmission system makes it possible to transmit high-quality NTSC video signals over non-linearly amplified narrow bandwidth satellite channels, for example 27MHz or 36MHz bandwidth transponders, with high-security digital encryption.

This paper proposes a fast synchronization scheme with a short preamble signal for high data rate wireless LAN systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The proposed OFDM burst format for fast synchronization and the demodulator for the proposed OFDM burst format are described. The demodulator, which offers automatic frequency control and symbol timing detection, enables us to shorten the preamble length to one quarter that of a conventional one. Computer simulation results show that the degradation in required Eb/N0 due to the synchronization scheme is less than 1 dB in a selective Rayleigh fading channel.

Long-distance wireless local area networks (WLANs) are the key enablers of wide-area and low-cost access networks in rural areas. In a WLAN, the long propagation delay between an access point (AP) and stations (STAs) significantly degrades the throughput and creates a throughput imbalance because the delay causes unexpected frame collisions. This paper summarizes the problems caused in the medium access control (MAC) mechanism of the WLAN by a long propagation delay. We propose a MAC protocol for solving the delay-induced throughput degradation and the throughput imbalance between the uplink and the downlink in WLANs to address these problems. In the protocol, the AP extends NAV duration of CTS frame to protect an ACK frame and transmits its data frame to avoid delay induced frame collisions by piggybacking on the ACK frame transmission. We also provide a throughput model for the proposed protocol based on the Bianchi model. A numerical analysis using the proposed throughput model and simulation evaluation demonstrate that the proposed protocol increases the system throughput by 150% compared with that obtained using the conventional method, and the uplink throughput can be increased to the same level as the downlink throughput.

This paper proposes a new maximal ratio combining (MRC) frequency diversity automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) scheme suitable for high-speed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems that is based on the conventional packet combining ARQ scheme. The proposed scheme regularly changes the previously prepared subcarrier assignment pattern at each retransmission according to the number of retransmissions. This scheme sharply reduces the number of ARQ retransmissions and much improves the throughput performance in slow fading environments by virtue of the frequency diversity effect while it requires no complex adaptive operations. Computer simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the required number of retransmissions to about 3 at the accumulative correct packet reception rate (ACPRR) of 0.9.

This paper proposes a superposed SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)-QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) signal transmission scheme over high speed QPSK signals to achieve higher frequency utilization efficiency and to facilitate lower power transmitters for SSMA-QPSK signal transmission. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme which employs the coding-rate of one-half FEC (Forward Error Correction) and a newly proposed co-channel interference cancellation scheme for SSMA-QPSK signals can transmit twenty SSMA-QPSK channels simultaneously over a nonlinearly amplified high speed QPSK signal transmission channel and achieve as ten times SSMA channels transmission as that without co-channel interference cancellation when the SSMA-QPSK signal power to the high speed QPSK signal power ratio equals -30dB. Moreover, cancellation feasibility generation of the interference signals replica through practical hardware implementation is clarified.

This paper proposes a blind image-band interference canceller that enables heterodyne receivers with only a single receiver chain to demodulate signals in any frequency band. In this paper, such a receiver is called "multimode/multiband heterodyne receiver." If multimode/multiband receivers are desired to receive signals with carrier frequency ranging from several MHz to GHz, then, such receivers are not allowed to have a narrow band RF-BPF (Radio Frequency Band Pass Filter) at the RF front end. However, although heterodyne receivers have been applied to wireless systems due to their high performance, it is known that without an RF-BPF heterodyne receivers suffer from severe image-band interference. Therefore, a blind image-band interference canceller is proposed in this paper to mitigate the image-band interference. Moreover, a novel algorithm based on the CM (Constant Modulus) criterion is proposed to carry out the cancellation. Performance of the blind image-band interference canceller is theoretically analyzed and the performance of the proposed canceller is verified by computer simulation. As a result, it is shown that the blind image-band interference canceller achieves superior performance even in the presence of strong image-band interference, for example, CIR=-40 dB. In summary, the proposed canceller makes it possible for the receiver with the single receiver chain to achieve multimode/multiband communications with high quality.

Decentralized channel assignment schemes are proposed to obtain low system-wide spatial overlap regions in wireless local area networks (WLANs). The important point of channel assignment in WLANs is selecting channels with fewer contending stations rather than mitigating interference power due to its medium access control mechanism. This paper designs two potential game-based channel selection schemes, basically each access point (AP) selects a channel with smaller spatial overlaps with other APs. Owing to the property of potential games, each decentralized channel assignment is guaranteed to converge to a Nash equilibrium. In order that each AP selects a channel with smaller overlaps, two metrics are proposed: general overlap-based scheme yields the largest overlap reduction if a sufficient number of stations (STAs) to detect overlaps are available; whereas decomposed overlap-based scheme need not require such STAs, while the performance would be degraded due to the shadowing effect. In addition, the system-wide overlap area is analytically shown to be upper bounded by the negative potential functions, which derives the condition that local overlap reduction by each AP leads to system-wide overlap reduction. The simulation results confirm that the proposed schemes perform better reductions in the system-wide overlap area compared to the conventional interference power-based scheme under the spatially correlated shadowing effect. The experimental results demonstrate that the channel assignment dynamics converge to stable equilibria even in a real environment, particularly when uncontrollable APs exist.

Differential games are considered an extension of optimal control problems, which are used to formulate centralized control problems in smart grids. Optimal control theory is used to study systems consisting of one agent with one objective, whereas differential games are used to formulate systems consisting of multiple agents with multiple objectives. Therefore, a differential-game-theoretic approach is appropriate for formulating decentralized demand-side energy management systems where there are multiple decision-making entities interacting with each other. Moreover, in many smart grid applications, we need to obtain information for control via communication systems. To formulate the influence of communication availability, differential game theory is also promising because the availability of communication is considered as part of an information structure (i.e., feedback or open-loop) in differential games. The feedback information structure is adopted when information for control can be obtained, whereas the open-loop information structure is applied when the information cannot be obtained because of communication failure. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for evaluating the performance of demand-side actors in a demand-side management system using each control scheme according to both communication availability and sampling frequency. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed comprehensive framework allows for an analysis of trade-off for decentralized and centralized control schemes.

In this paper, a priority control problem between uplink and downlink flows in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs is considered. The minimum contention window size (CWmin) has a nonnegative integer value. CWmin control scheme is one of the solutions for priority control to achieve the fairness between links. However, it has the problem that CWmin control scheme cannot achieve precise priority control when the CWmin values become small. As the solution of this problem, this paper proposes a new CWmin control method called a virtual continuous CWmin control (VCCC) scheme. The key concept of this method is that it involves the use of small and large CWmin values probabilistically. The proposed scheme realizes the expected value of CWmin as a nonnegative real number and solves the precise priority control problem. Moreover, we proposed a theoretical analysis model for the proposed VCCC scheme. Computer simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the throughput performance and achieves fairness between the uplink and the downlink flows in an infrastructure mode of the IEEE 802.11 based wireless LAN. Throughput of the proposed scheme is 31% higher than that of a conventional scheme when the number of wireless stations is 18. The difference between the theoretical analysis results and computer simulation results of the throughput is within 1% when the number of STAs is less than 10.

Stochastic geometry analysis of wireless backhaul networks with beamforming in roadside environments is provided. In particular, a new model to analyze antenna gains, interference, and coverage in roadside environments of wireless networks with Poisson point process deployment of BSs is proposed. The received interference from the BSs with wired backhaul (referred to as anchored BS or A-BS) and the coverage probability of a typical BS are analyzed under different approximations of the location of the serving A-BS and combined antenna gains. Considering the beamforming, the coverage probability based on the aggregate interference consisting of the direct interference from the A-BSs and reflected interference from the BSs with wireless backhaul is also derived.

In this paper, a stochasic geometry analysis of the inversely proportional setting (IPS) of carrier sense threshold (CST) and transmission power for densely deployed wireless local area networks (WLANs) is presented. In densely deployed WLANs, CST adjustment is a crucial technology to enhance spatial reuse, but it can starve surrounding transmitters due to an asymmetric carrier sensing relationship. In order for the carrier sensing relationship to be symmetric, the IPS of the CST and transmission power is a promising approach, i.e., each transmitter jointly adjusts its CST and transmission power in order for their product to be equal to those of others. This setting is used for spatial reuse in IEEE 802.11ax. By assuming that the set of potential transmitters follows a Poisson point process, the impact of the IPS on throughput is formulated based on stochastic geometry in two scenarios: an adjustment at a single transmitter and an identical adjustment at all transmitters. The asymptotic expression of the throughput in dense WLANs is derived and an explicit solution of the optimal CST is achieved as a function of the number of neighboring potential transmitters and signal-to-interference power ratio using approximations. This solution was confirmed through numerical results, where the explicit solution achieved throughput penalties of less than 8% relative to the numerically evaluated optimal solution.

This paper proposes a new MAC protocol and physical channel control schemes for TDMA-TDD multi-slot packet channel. The goal of this study is to support both circuit-switched and packet-switched communications on the same resources and to enable high-speed packet transmission using a multi-slot packet channel. In the proposed channel control schemes, three points are taken into account; 1) effective sharing of time slots and frequencies with minimum impact on circuit communications, 2) compatibility with the existing access protocol and equipment, and 3) dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink slots. As for the MAC protocol, we adopt BRS (Block Reservation Scheme) and adaptive access control scheme to the proposed MAC protocol. In addition, to overcome the inherent disadvantage of TDD channels, packet scheduling and access randomizing control are newly proposed in this paper. The results of throughput and delay evaluations confirm that downlink capacity can be drastically enhanced by the dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink slots while corruption under heavy traffic loads is prevented by applying the adaptive traffic load control scheme.

This paper proposes a high resolution and fast frequency settling PLL synthesizer for frequency hopping radio communication equipment. The proposed synthesizer enables the carrier frequency to be changed within the duration of a burst signal and yields higher frequency resolution than the reference signal frequency. To reduce frequency settling time without degradation of frequency resolution and phase noise, this paper proposes a new phase and frequency preset (PEP) PLL synthesizer which employs a digital phase accumulator to generate high resolution reference signal. Experimental results show that the settling time of a prototype synthesizer is less than 300µs while spurious signals are suppressed by more than 55 dB. In comparison with conventional PLL synthesizers, the frequency settling time is reduced by 80%. Furthermore, the higher frequency resolution than the reference signal is successfully demonstrated. Therefore, the proposed PFP PLL synthesizer with the digital reference signal can achieve the output signal with high frequency resolution less than 1Hz.

We discuss the division of radio resources in the time and frequency domains for wireless local area network (WLAN) devices powered with microwave energy. In general, there are two ways to avoid microwave power transmission (MPT) from influencing data communications: adjacent channel operation of continuous MPT and WLAN data transmission and co-channel operation of intermittent MPT and WLAN data transmission. Experimental results reveal that, even when we implement these methods, several problems arise because WLAN devices have been developed without supposing the existence of MPT. One problem clarified in our experiment is that adjacent channel operation at 2.4GHz does not necessarily perform well owing to the interference from MPT. This interference occurs regardless of the frequency separation at 2.4GHz. The other problem is that intermittent MPT could result in throughput degradation owing to the data rate control algorithm and the association scheme of the WLAN. In addition, the experimental results imply that a microwave energy source and a WLAN device should share information on the timings of intermittent MPT and data transmission to avoid buffer overflow.

Network coding is a promising technique for improving system performance in wireless multihop networks. In this paper, the throughput and fairness in single-relay multi-user wireless networks are evaluated. The carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol and network coding are used in the medium access control (MAC) sublayer in such networks. The fairness of wireless medium access among stations (STAs), the access point (AP), and the relay station (RS) results in asymmetric bidirectional flows via the RS; as a result the wireless throughput decreases substantially. To overcome this problem, an autonomous optimization of minimum contention window size is developed for CSMA/CA and network coding to assign appropriate transmission opportunities to both the AP and RS. By optimizing the minimum contention window size according to the number of STAs, the wireless throughput in single-relay multi-user networks can be improved and the fairness between bidirectional flows via the RS can be achieved. Numerical analysis and computer simulations enable us to evaluate the performances of CSMA/CA and network coding in single-relay multi-user wireless networks.