This paper proposes a technique for designing two-dimensional (2-D) digital filters approximating an arbitrary magnitude function. The technique is based on 2-D spectral factorization and rational approximation of the complex exponential function. A 2-D spectral factorization technique is used to obtain a recursively computable and stable system with nonsymmetric half-plane support from the desired 2-D magnitude function. Since the obtained system has an exponential function type transfer function and cannot be realized directly in a rational form, a class of realizable 2-D digital filters is introduced to approximate the exponential type transfer function. This class of filters referred to as two-dimensional log magnitude approximation (2-D LMA) filters can be viewed as an extension of the class of 1-D LMA filters to the 2-D case. Filter coefficients are given by the 2-D complex cepstrum coefficients, i.e., the inverse Fourier transform of the logarithm of the given magnitude function, which can be efficiently computed using 2-D FFT algorithm. Consequently, computation of the filter coefficients is straightforward and efficient. A simple stability condition for the 2-D LMA filters is given. Under this condition, the stability of the designed filter is guaranteed. Parallel implementation of the 2-D LMA filters is also discussed. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the design capability.

In this paper we review the recent progress and basic technology of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers together with related parallel surface operating optical devices. First, the concept of surface emitting lasers is presented, and then currently developed device technologies will be reviewed. We will feature several technical issues, such as multi-layer structures, 2-dimensional arrays, photonic integration, etc. Lastly, future prospects for parallel lightwave systems will be discussed.

This paper discusses new trends and directions in human interface (HI) technologies, and the effects of HI technologies on human life or on social activities. This paper postulates that the HI subsumes man-machine interface, human-computer interaction, human-human interaction, human-organizational interface, human-environmental interface, human-social interface, etc. A new communication model, called Human Interface Communication Model (HICOM), and a new human dialogue model, called Human Interface Dialogue model (HIDIM), are derived by reexamining trends and directions on HI technologies from the viewpoint of functional meanings of interfaces, and from the viewpoint of a socially distributed cognition mechanism.

We propose two types of public-key cryptographic schemes based on elliptic curves modulo n, where n is the product of secret large primes p and q. The RSA-type scheme has an encryption function with an odd multiplier. The Rabin-type scheme has an encryption function with a multiplier of 2. The security of the proposed schemes is based on the difficulty of factoring n. Other security characteristics are also discussed. We show some applications to a master key scheme and blind signature scheme.

We describe two information disseminating schemes, t-disseminate and t-Rdisseminate in a computer network with N processors, where each processor can send a message to t-directions at each round. If no processors have failed, these schemes are time optimal. When at most t processors have failed, for t1 and t2 any of these schemes can broadcast information within any consecutive logt+1N2 rounds, and for an arbitrary t they can broadcast information within any consecutive logt+1N3 rounds.

A rigorous theoretical method for predicting "ratio of desired signal power to interference power [c/i]" and "ratio of signal power to noise plus interference power [c/(n+i)]" where both desired and interference signals vary with time under the Nakagami-Rice fading conditions is presented. An alternative simple prediction method which is more desirable from the viewpoint of engineering application is then proposed. Prediction errors given by the simple method are evaluated by comparing to the errors given by the rigorous method, and it is confirmed that the simple method gives reasonable accuracy. This method is expected to serve in the development of frequency re-use technologies and the coordination of various systems for mobile satellite communications in the near future.

In this paper we review the recent progress and basic technology of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers together with related parallel surface operating optical devices. First, the concept of surface emitting lasers is presented, and then currently developed device technologies will be reviewed. We will feature several technical issues, such as multi-layer structures, 2-dimensional arrays, photonic integration, etc. Lastly, future prospects for parallel lightwave systems will be discussed.

The VSTEP concept and its practical application in the form of an LED-type pnpn-VSTEP demonstrating low power consumption through electro-photonic operational modes are both shown. Further, with focus primarily on the new laser-mode VSTEP with high-intensity light output and narrow optical beam divergence, the design features such as threshold gain and optical absorptivity, device fabrication, and characteristics are explained. The possibility of ultimate performance based mainly on electrical to optical power conversion efficiency, important from the application viewpoint of optical interconnection, are also discussed. Also, as two examples of functional optical interconnection achieved by VSTEP, serial-to-parallel data conversion and optical self-routing switches are shown. Finally, future opto-electronic technologies to be developed for two-dimensionally integrable surface-type optical semiconductor devices, including the VSTEP, are discussed.

Electromagnetic interference on a bus wiring configuration of the ISDN basic interface using metallic telecommunication lines is studied. A simple circuit to simulate terminal equipment unbalance about earth is developed for measurement purposes, based on the fact that the unbalance weakens the withstanding capability against interference. The electromagnetic interferences from low-voltage supply lines, analog telephone lines and broadcasting waves are evaluated by experiments using the circuit. The interference is measured by both induced voltage on the interface line and the error rate of the transmission signal line. Consequently, it is clarified that the basic interface is disturbed by the induced voltage, because the terminal equipment in the CCITT Recommendation I.430 has too large an unbalance about earth to maintain transmission quality. Adding to this, countermeasures to reduce interference are proposed.

The VSTEP concept and its practical application in the form of an LED-type pnpn-VSTEP demonstrating low power consumption through electro-photonic operational modes are both shown. Further, with focus primarily on the new laser-mode VSTEP with high-intensity light output and narrow optical beam divergence, the design features such as threshold gain and optical absorptivity, device fabrication, and characteristics are explained. The possibility of ultimate performance based mainly on electrical to optical power conversion efficiency, important from the application viewpoint of optical interconnection, are also discussed. Also, as two examples of functional optical interconnection achieved by VSTEP, serial-to-parallel data conversion and optical self-routing switches are shown. Finally, future opto-electronic technologies to be developed for two-dimensionally integrable surface-type optical semiconductor devices, including the VSTEP, are discussed.