Intelligent traffic monitoring provides information support for autonomous driving, which is widely used in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A method for estimating vehicle moving target parameters based on millimeter-wave radars is proposed to solve the problem of low detection accuracy due to velocity ambiguity and Doppler-angle coupling in the process of traffic monitoring. First of all, a MIMO antenna array with overlapping elements is constructed by introducing them into the typical design of MIMO radar array antennas. The motion-induced phase errors are eliminated by the phase difference among the overlapping elements. Then, the position errors among them are corrected through an iterative method, and the angle of multiple targets is estimated. Finally, velocity disambiguation is performed by adopting the error-corrected phase difference among the overlapping elements. An accurate estimation of vehicle moving target angle and velocity is achieved. Through Monte Carlo simulation experiments, the angle error is 0.1° and the velocity error is 0.1m/s. The simulation results show that the method can be used to effectively solve the problems related to velocity ambiguity and Doppler-angle coupling, meanwhile the accuracy of velocity and angle estimation can be improved. An improved algorithm is tested on the vehicle datasets that are gathered in the forward direction of ordinary public scenes of a city. The experimental results further verify the feasibility of the method, which meets the real-time and accuracy requirements of ITSs on vehicle information monitoring.

In parallel computing systems, the interconnection network forms the critical infrastructure which enables robust and scalable communication between hundreds of thousands of nodes. The traditional packet-switched network tends to suffer from long communication time when network congestion occurs. In this context, we explore the use of circuit switching (CS) to replace packet switches with custom hardware that supports circuit-based switching efficiently with low latency. In our target CS network, a certain amount of bandwidth is guaranteed for each communication pair so that the network latency can be predictable when a limited number of node pairs exchange messages. The number of allocated time slots in every switch is a direct factor to affect the end-to-end latency, we thereby improve the slot utilization and develop a network topology generator to minimize the number of time slots optimized to target applications whose communication patterns are predictable. By a quantitative discrete-event simulation, we illustrate that the minimum necessary number of slots can be reduced to a small number in a generated topology by our design methodology while maintaining network cost 50% less than that in standard tori topologies.

To drastically increase the splitting ratio of extended-reach (40km span) time- and wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM/TDM-PONs), we modify the gain control scheme of our automatic gain controlled semiconductor optical amplifiers (AGC-SOAs) that were developed to support upstream transmission in long-reach systems. While the original AGC-SOAs are located outside the central office (CO) as repeaters, the new AGC-SOAs are located inside the CO and connected to each branch of an optical splitter in the CO. This arrangement has the potential to greatly reduce the costs of CO-sited equipment as they are shared by many more users if the new gain control scheme works properly even when the input optical powers are low. We develop a prototype and experimentally confirm its effectiveness in increasing the splitting ratio of extended-reach systems to 512.

Improvement of conventional networks with an incremental approach is an important design method for the development of the future internet. For this approach, we are developing a future aggregation network based on passive optical network (PON) technology to achieve both cost-effectiveness and high reliability. In this paper, we propose a timeslot (TS) synchronization method for sharing a TS from an optical burst mode transceiver between any route of arbitrary fiber length by changing both the route of the TS transmission and the TS control timing on the optical burst mode transceiver. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method for exchanging TSs in bidirectional bufferless wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) multi-ring networks under the condition of the occurrence of a link failure through prototype systems. Also, we evaluate the reduction of the required number of optical interfaces in a multi-ring network by applying the proposed method.

The traffic of the future aggregation network will dynamically change not only in volume but also destination to support the application of virtualization technology to network edge equipment to achieve cost-effectiveness. Therefore, future aggregation network will have to accommodate this traffic cost-effectively, despite dynamic changes in both volume and destination. To correspond to this trend, in this paper, we propose an optical layer 2 switch network based on bufferless optical time division multiplexing (TDM) and dynamic bandwidth allocation to achieve a future aggregation network cost-effectively. We show here that our proposed network architecture effectively reduced the number of wavelengths and optical interfaces by application of bufferless optical TDM technology and dynamic bandwidth allocation to the aggregation network.

In this paper, we propose a PON-based access network based on conventional TDM-PON architecture for the smooth, economical and effective transition to the future optical access network. We also propose a dynamic MAC protocol for wavelength channel and bandwidth allocation in the TDM-PON subscriber networks, which can provide enhanced network scalability and flexibility, and greater adaptability to the increasing number of subscribers in TDM-PON. In the proposed dynamic MAC protocol, several key functions are manifested, such as multiple wavelength channel utilization and dynamic allocation of multiple time-slots to a user depending on SLA between OLT and ONUs to meet QoS requirements. A dedicated control channel is used for delivering the request and status information between OLT and ONUs. We evaluate the performances of the proposed MAC protocol thru a statistical queuing analysis and numerical simulations. In addition, through simulations using various traffic models we verify the superior performance of the proposed approach by comparing it with conventional TDM-PONs.

For alleviating the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the OFDM combined with time division multiplexing (TDM) using frequency-domain equalization (FDE) was proposed. In this paper, the theoretical bit error rate (BER) analysis of the OFDM/TDM in a frequency-selective fading channel is presented. The conditional BER expression is derived, based on a Gaussian approximation of the inter-symbol interference (ISI) arising from channel frequency-selectivity, for the given set of channel gains. Various FDE techniques as in multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA), i.e., zero forcing (ZF), maximum ratio combining (MRC) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria are considered. The average BER performance is evaluated by Monte-Carlo numerical computation method using the derived conditional BER expression.

We describe a transmission system having a data rate of 160 Gbit/s based on the RZ-DPSK modulation format. The 160 Gbit/s single-polarization signal is generated by optical time division multiplexing technology using the base rate of 40 Gbit/s. The setup is explained and results are given with a special focus on the stability issue of the transmission system. The pulse source, the optical gate for demultiplexing, the clock recovery and the balanced photo-detector are based on semiconductor components. We present long-term bit error measurements (10 hours) over two different long-haul fiber links. The first link comprises 3106 km standard single mode fiber and uses a PMD mitigation scheme. The other link consists of 4 dispersion managed 80 km fiber spans without the need for an additional PMD compensation. Using EDFA amplification solely and also no FEC, error-free operation was achieved over several hours, only limited by slow drift effects in the laboratory system.

A simple system configuration was used to generate transform-limited optical pulses at 160 Gbit/s in the sub-picosecond range (625 fs). Pulse compression was achieved by broadening the spectrum using supercontinuum generation followed by a linear frequency chirping compensation.

40 Gbit/s optical transceiver using a novel OTDM MUX module has been developed. OTDM (Optical-Time-Division-Multiplexing) MUX module, the core component of the transmitter, consisted of a optical splitter, two electro-absorption (EA) modulators and a combiner in a sealed small package. As the split optical paths run through the "air" in the module, greatly stable optical phase relation between bit-interleaved pulses could be maintained. With the OTDM MUX module, the selection between conventional Return-to-Zero (conventional-RZ) format and carrier-suppressed RZ (CS-RZ) format is performed by slightly changing the wavelength of laser-diode. In a receiver, 40 Gbit/s optical data train is optically demultiplexed to 10 Gbit/s optical train, before detected by the O/E receiver for 10 Gbit/s RZ format. Back-to-back MUX-DEMUX evaluations of the transceiver exhibited good sensitivities of under -30 dBm measured at 40 Gbit/s optical input to achieve the bit-error-rate (BER) of 10-9. Another unique feature of the transceiver system was a spectrum switch capability. The stable RZ and CS-RZ multiplexing operation was confirmed in the experiment. Once we adjust the 40 Gbit/s optical signal to CS-RZ format, the optical spectrum would maintain its CS spectrum shape for a long time to the benefit of the stable long transmission characteristics. In the recirculating loop experiment employing the OTDM MUX transceiver, the larger power margin was successfully observed with CS-RZ format than with conventional-RZ format, indicating that proper encoding of conventional-RZ and CS-RZ was realized with this prototype transceiver. In the case of CS-RZ format, the error free (BER < 10-9) transmission over 720 km was achieved with the long repeater amplifier span of 120 km.

By combining the technology of all-optical saturable absorbers and the diffractive optics, a scheme of all-optical time division demultiplexing module is investigated. Following authors' proposal, design, test fabrication of the optical platform in the previous paper, this paper focuses on the characterization of switching performance. Using a multiple quantum well saturable absorber of InGaAs/InAlAs composition, and gain switched semiconductor laser pulses of 25 ps pulse width, the switching function was demonstrated experimentally at wavelength of 1.55 µm. The switching on-off ratio was compared among 4 lens configuration, 2 lens configuration (2L) and free space, collinear geometry. No degradation was observed in the case of 2 lens configuration in comparison to collinear illumination. Thus the feasibility of all-optical switch module with power efficiency and high speed is predicted, under the assumption of the progress in sub-micron lithography.

Recent work in the area of ultrafast optical time-division multiplexed (OTDM) networking at MIT Lincoln Laboratory is presented. A scalable helical local area network or HLAN architecture, presented elsewhere as an architecture well-suited to ultrafast OTDM LANs and MANs, is considered in the context of wide area networking. Two issues arise in scaling HLAN to the wide area. The first is protocol extension, and the second is supporting the required bandwidth on the long-haul links. In this paper we discuss these challenges and describe progress made in both architecture and technologies required for scaling HLAN to the wide area.

Recent work in the area of ultrafast optical time-division multiplexed (OTDM) networking at MIT Lincoln Laboratory is presented. A scalable helical local area network or HLAN architecture, presented elsewhere as an architecture well-suited to ultrafast OTDM LANs and MANs, is considered in the context of wide area networking. Two issues arise in scaling HLAN to the wide area. The first is protocol extension, and the second is supporting the required bandwidth on the long-haul links. In this paper we discuss these challenges and describe progress made in both architecture and technologies required for scaling HLAN to the wide area.

By sacrificing approximately ten percent of the transmission speed, ultra-high speed optical time division multiplexed network can be fully operatable by the use of currently available electrical switches. The network utilizes dispersion managed quasi-solitons and transmits TDM packet which comprises of ATM cells that are introduced from a gateway through bit compression to match to the ultra-high speed traffics. The network can provide flexible bandwidth and bit on demand at burst rate of the maximum LAN speed.

In this paper, we describe the properties of an external cavity modelocked semiconductor laser with a tunability of wavelength, pulse width and repetition rate. This modelocked laser generates optical pulses with pulse widths down to 180 fs and with repetition rates up to 14 GHz in a 120 nm wavelength range near 1. 55 µm or 1. 3 µm. The generated pulses are close to the transform limit and are therefore suitable for very high speed communication systems. In addition to the tunability, this pulse source is a compact and mechanically stable device. We report on two applications of this pulse source in optical time division multiplexing experiments. In the first example the modelocked laser is used as an all-optical clock recovery. In the second example the modelocked laser was used to characterize an interferometric switch by pump-probe experiments.