This paper presents an automated patient-specific ECG classification algorithm, which integrates long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). While LSTM extracts the temporal features, such as the heart rate variance (HRV) and beat-to-beat correlation from sequential heartbeats, CNN captures detailed morphological characteristics of the current heartbeat. To further improve the classification performance, adaptive segmentation and re-sampling are applied to align the heartbeats of different patients with various heart rates. In addition, a novel clustering method is proposed to identify the most representative patterns from the common training data. Evaluated on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, our algorithm shows the superior accuracy for both ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) and supraventricular ectopic beats (SVEB) recognition. In particular, the sensitivity and positive predictive rate for SVEB increase by more than 8.2% and 8.8%, respectively, compared with the prior works. Since our patient-specific classification does not require manual feature extraction, it is potentially applicable to embedded devices for automatic and accurate arrhythmia monitoring.

Color histograms are effective for representing color visual features. However, the high dimensionality of feature vectors results in high computational cost. Several transformations, including singular value decomposition (SVD) and principal component analysis (PCA), have been proposed to reduce the dimensionality. In PCA, the dimensionality reduction is achieved by projecting the data to a subspace which contains most of the variance. As a common observation, the PCA basis function with the lowest frquency accounts for the highest variance. Therefore, the PCA subspace may not be the optimal one to represent the intrinsic features of data. In this paper, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) to extract the features in color histograms. PCA is applied to reduce the dimensionality and then ICA is performed on the low-dimensional PCA subspace. The experimental results show that the proposed method (1) significantly reduces the feature dimensions compared with the original color histograms and (2) outperforms other dimension reduction techniques, namely the method based on SVD of quadratic matrix and PCA, in terms of retrieval accuracy.

We present analytical and numerical results on the flux-quantum transitions in a three-junction superconducting quantum interference device (3J-SQUID) controlled by two RF signals. The 3J-SQUID has two superconducting loops, and the RF signals are magnetically coupled to the loops. Flux-quantum transitions in the 3J-SQUID loops can be controlled by utilizing the phase difference of the two RF signals. Under proper conditions, we can obtain a situation where one flux quantum passes through the 3J-SQUID per one cycle of the RF signals without DC current biasing, which results in a zero-crossing step on the current-voltage characteristics. In this paper, we first explain the operation principle by using a quantum state diagram of a 3J-SQUID. Next, we numerically simulate RF-induced transitions of the quantum states. A zero-crossing step on the current-voltage characteristics is demonstrated. We also investigate dependence of zero-crossing steps upon parameters of the 3J-SQUID and RF signals.

C-axis junction-arrays, with a-b plane sizes of sub-microns to 10 microns, were patterned on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x single crystals with either a mesa or an overlap structure. We measured the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with microwave irradiation at a few to 100 gigahertz. At a few gigahertz, often observed were chaotic properties. Under irradiation at 100 GHz, we successfully performed harmonic mixings between the 100 GHz signal and up to the 100th harmonic of a local oscillator at about 1 GHz. Given in this paper are discussions on the observation of individual Shapiro steps, and descriptions of the relevant results. Our experimental results show that intrinsic Josephson junctions in layered superconductors can be good candidates for high frequency applications.

In this paper, we review the progress in BiSrCaCuO-2212 Intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) by summarizing our recent results in fabrication and high frequency experiments. Using a double-side fabrication process, a well defined number of intrinsic Josephson junctions in a well defined geometry can be fabricated. The junctions in the stack are quite homogeneous, and the power distribution of external irradiation among the junctions is even. Shapiro steps are clearly observed up to 2.5 THz, and the general condition for the occurrence of Shapiro steps at frequency frf is that it should be much greater than the plasma frequency fpl. Under certain conditions the Shapiro steps are zero-crossing, making some applications possible, such as quantum voltage standard etc.

This paper develops the generating function method for the discrete-time nonlinear optimal control problem. This method can analytically give the optimal input as state feedforward control in terms of the generating functions. Since the generating functions are nonlinear, we also develop numerical implementations to find their Taylor series expressions. This finally gives optimal solutions expressed only in terms of the pre-computed generating function coefficients and state boundary conditions, such that it is useful for the on-demand optimal solution generation for different boundary conditions. Examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.

This work presents a low-complexity lossless electrocardiogram (ECG) compression ASIC for wireless sensors. Three linear predictors aiming for different signal characteristics are provided for prediction based on a history table that records of the optimum predictors for recent samples. And unlike traditional methods using a unified encoder, the prediction error is encoded by a hybrid Golomb encoder combining Exp-Golomb and Golomb-Rice and can adaptively configure the encoding scheme according to the predictor selection. The novel adaptive prediction and encoding scheme contributes to a compression rate of 2.77 for the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. Implemented in 40nm CMOS process, the design takes a small gate count of 1.82K with 37.6nW power consumption under 0.9V supply voltage.

An R-peak detection method with a high noise tolerance is presented in this paper. This method utilizes a customized deep convolution neural network (DCNN) to extract morphological and temporal features from sliced electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed network adopts multiple parallel dilated convolution layers to analyze features from diverse fields of view. A sliding window slices the original ECG signals into segments, and then the network calculates one segment at a time and outputs every point's probability of belonging to the R-peak regions. After a binarization and a deburring operation, the occurrence time of the R-peaks can be located. Experimental results based on the MIT-BIH database show that the R-peak detection accuracies can be significantly improved under high intensity of the electrode motion artifact or muscle artifact noise, which reveals a higher performance than state-of-the-art methods.

This paper develops the double generating function method for the discrete-time linear quadratic optimal control problem. This method can give generators for optimal solutions only in terms of pre-computed coefficients and boundary conditions, which is useful for the on-line repetitive computation for different boundary conditions. Moreover, since each generator contains inverse terms, the invertibility analysis is also performed to conclude that the terms in the generators constructed by double generating functions with opposite time directions are invertible under some mild conditions, while the terms with the same time directions will become singular when the time goes infinity which may cause instability in numerical computations. Examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.

Thin-film YBCO Josephson junctions were successfully fabricated by a pulsed excimer laser ablation, and the mixing experiments in the microwave region (820 GHz) were carried out at the temperature of 77 K. The IF output maximum was obtained at the bias voltage midway between the zero and the first Shapiro steps for the fundamental mixing. For the 2nd harmocic mixing, the IF output maximum was obtained at a zero bias voltage, and the conversion efficiency was -14 dB at the microwave frequency of 18 GHz. These results strongly suggest that the fabricated thin-film Josephson junctions work well at the temperature of 77 K as detectors and mixers in the microwave regions (820 GHz).

Color histograms have been considered to be effective for color image indexing and retrieval. However, the histogram only represents the global statistical color information. We propose a new method: A Spatial Weighted Color Histogram (SWCH), for image retrieval. The color space of a color image is partitioned into several color subsets according to hue, saturation and value in HSV color space. Then, the spatial center moment of each subset is calculated as the weight of the corresponding subset. Experiments show that our method is more effective in indexing color image and insensitive to intensity variations.

In this paper, the research advances in SIW-like (Substrate Integrated Waveguide-like) guided wave structures and their applications in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves of China is reviewed. Our work is concerned with the investigations on the propagation characteristics of SIW, half-mode SIW (HMSIW) and the folded HMSIW (FHMSIW) as well as their applications in microwave and millimeter wave filters, diplexers, directional couplers, power dividers, antennas, power combiners, phase shifters and mixers etc. Selected results are presented to show the interesting features and advantages of those new techniques.

Low noise terahertz (THz) receivers based on superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have been designed, fabricated and measured for applications in astronomy and cosmology. The NbN HEB mixer consists of a planar antenna and an NbN bridge connecting across the antenna's inner terminals on a high-resistivity Si substrate. To eliminate the influence of direct detection and instability of the local oscillation (LO) power, a wire grid has been used to change the input LO power for compensating the shift of bias current during Y-factor measurement. The double sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperatures at 4.2 K without corrections have been measured from 0.65 to 3.1 THz. The excess quantum noise factor β of about 4 has been obtained, which agrees well with the calculated value. Allan variance of the HEB has been characterized, and Allan time TA longer than 0.4 s is obtained. We also estimated the temperature resolution of the HEB from the Allan variance and obtained the minimum temperature resolution of 1.1 K using a Gunn oscillator with its multipliers at 0.65 THz as an LO source.