Phase-nonreciprocal ε-negative and CRLH metamaterials are analyzed using a new approach in which field analysis and transmission line model are combined. The examined one-dimensional nonreciprocal metamaterials are composed of a ferrite-embedded microstrip line periodically loaded with shunt stubs. In the present approach, the phase constant nonreciprocity is analytically estimated and formulated under the assumption of operating frequency far above the ferromagnetic resonant frequency. The present approach gives a good explanation to the phenomenon in terms of ferromagnetic properties of the ferrite and asymmetric geometry of the metamaterial structure, showing a good agreement with numerical simulations and experiment.

Integrated implementation of RF front-end components has been shown to posses many benefits. Furthermore, it presents a new way of approaching RF design. This paper will discuss the recent developments by the author's group in the field of RF front-end technology. This will include stand-alone RF front-end components such as a self-heterodyne mixer as well as more functional front-end circuitry such as digital beamformer arrays, retrodirective arrays and an array error calibration scheme.

A hard-type oscillator is defined as an oscillator having stable fixed points within a stable limit cycle. For resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillators, using hard-type configuration has a significant advantage that it can suppress spurious oscillations in a bias line. We have fabricated hard-type oscillators using an InGaAs-based RTD, and demonstrated a proper operation. Furthermore, the oscillating properties have been compared with a soft-type oscillator having a same parameters. It has been demonstrated that the same level of the phase noise can be obtained with a much smaller power consumption of approximately 1/20.

This paper presents a contact-less connector using proximity coupling through a parasitic element. For example, proximity coupling is used for interconnect of microstrip lines for DC-break structure. We also present a cross wiring structure using this interconnect.

Leaky wave radiation from evanescent-mode left-handed (LH) transmission lines is investigated that are composed of a cut-off parallel plate waveguide loaded with a one-dimensional (1-D) array of the disc type dielectric resonators. The apertures are placed on side walls of the parallel plate waveguide. First of all, the dispersion diagram is numerically obtained with the complex eigenmode solutions. The simulated and measured backward wave radiation characteristics validate the backward wave propagation along the 1-D waveguides. Based on the concept, the backfire leaky wave antenna was designed and demonstrated with the 15-cell structure. The beam scanning with the operational frequency was achieved by more than 30 degrees.

A simple self-biased receiver system with a dual branch architecture consisting of a low-power consumption receiver and a rectenna is introduced. The system is efficiently integrated with a dual-fed circular sector antenna with harmonic rejection characteristics without a BPF. The receiver portion is designed by utilizing a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with low power consumption and a self-heterodyne mixer, while the rectenna achieves high conversion efficiency up to 80%, thanks to the harmonic rejection of the circular sector antenna. The rectified DC power from the rectenna is applied for a bias of the receiver without any external bias. Simultaneously, an ASK digital signal demodulation without an extra power supply are implemented successfully.

The first implementations of X-band AlGaN/GaN HEMT single-ended frequency doublers are presented in this paper. Two types of fundamental frequency signal reflector schemes have been demonstrated for the frequency doubler application. Open-circuited quarter-wavelength microstrip line at the fundamental frequency is utilized for the reflector in a conventional way. In the other architecture a printed antenna is employed as a radiator as well as a novel fundamental frequency reflector. A microstrip rectangular patch antenna operating at the second harmonic frequency of the doubler was designed and integrated with AlGaN/GaN HEMT based on active integrated antenna design concept. Using AlGaN/GaN HEMT with 1 mm gate periphery, two 4 to 8 GHz frequency doublers were designed by the described design methodologies, fabricated, and tested. For the conventional frequency doubler, a conversion gain of 0.6 dB and with an output power of 15 dBm was observed. A conversion gain of 5 dB and an output power of 25 dBm with embedded antenna gain were achieved at a drain voltage of 12 V for the doubler integrated with the patch antenna.

In this paper, a resonator based on composite right/left handed transmission line concept is discussed. This resonator excites --1st order resonance mode. We start with half-wave resonators consisting of two unit cells of a composite right/left handed transmission line. From the simulated field distributions, the center of these half-wave resonators can be short-circuited to obtain a quarter-wave resonator in the --1st mode. Susceptance slope parameters are calculated for the resonator. Then this resonator is applied for a 2-pole filter made by LTCC, which can be designed with standard filter design theory owing to the slope parameter. The dimension of the experimental filter implemented by LTCC is 2.5 mm by 1.35 mm by 0.52 mm. The insertion loss is 1.80 dB at the 2.4 GHz band. Good agreement between measured and computed results is obtained.

This paper reviews some of the recent effort in the area of microwave-optical interaction as applied to enhance the utility of the active integrated antennas and arrays. The paper consists of two parts. In the first part, the optical bias is used as a hidden port to control the characteristics of the active integrated antennas. Two examples will be presented. In the second part, an optical carrier is used for remoting of active integrated antenna for beam control.

This paper describes a diakoptics approach to the field simulation of shielded structures. If the structure can be divided so that the sliced cross section is homogeneously filled with a medium in the metal-surrounded region, the frequency domain diakoptics can be effectively formulated. In the method, the partial eigenfunction expansion (or modal expansion) is utilized at the interface between the divided structures, and the finite difference time domain calculation is used to characterize some of the divided parts. The synthesis of total characteristics is demonstrated using a simple example. The issue of term truncation in the eigenfunction expansion is also addressed and an effective algorithm for the term selection (mode selection) is proposed. The techniques described here are applicable to metal package designs for efficient structure optimization.

This paper reviews recent progresses in the research and development of planar photonic band-gap (PBG) structures, also called electromagnetic crystals, for microwave and millimeter-wave applications. Planar electromagnetic crystals are particularly attractive and intensively investigated because of their easy fabrication, low cost, and compatibility with standard planar circuit technology. Two configurations and their applications are described in this paper: a square lattice of holes etched in a ground plane and the recently developed Uniplanar Compact PBG (UC-PBG) structure. Basic properties as well as applications to microwave circuits are reported. These include harmonic tuning in power amplifier, leakage suppression in conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW), realization of planar slow-wave structure, and performance improvement in microstrip filters and patch antennas.

In this paper, the feasibility of composite right/left-handed transmission lines for realizing proximity coupled interconnects is reported. The proposed interconnects' resonant length can be miniaturized due to the zeroth order resonance supported by a composite right/left-handed transmission line resonator. In addition, the proposed interconnects can achieve broadside coupling because the zeroth order resonance occurs in the fast-wave region. Simulated and measured electric field distributions are shown to explain the broadside coupling phenomenon. To validate the arbitrary size and broadside coupling of the proposed interconnects, simulated and measured transmission characteristics are presented. The results show that low insertion loss can be achieved by using single and double broadside coupling between interconnects.

Resonant coupling type microstrip line interconnects using a bonding ribbon and dielectric pad have been designed and fabricated. The basic concept of this interconnect is the LC serial resonance of the pad capacitor and ribbon inductor. Both numerical simulation and experiment reveal low return loss and high efficiency connection at the predicted resonant frequency region, which can be readily shifted to higher frequencies by tuning the structural parameters. Improvement in bandwidth of the interconnect is demonstrated by using a pad with higher dielectric constant. Furthermore, it is also shown that a slight modification allows DC connection in addition to efficient coupling at the resonant frequency.

Multilayered volumetric composite right/left handed metamaterial structures are investigated. The present structure is composed of conducting mesh plates and dielectric layers including dielectric resonators. The 2-D composite right/left handed metamaterial structure is designed for the in-plane propagation. Propagation mode analysis was made for the volumetric structure under the periodic boundary condition along the normal to the layers as well as for finite number of layered type for comparison. The negative-refractive-index planar lenses were designed and fabricated for the demonstration. It is found from the numerical simulation that the beam focusing through the planar lens with large number of layers is clearly confirmed in both magnitude and phase distribution of the fields. On the other hand, for small number of layers, the beam spot is not found in the magnitude distribution due to the effect of discontinuities between air and designed structure at the top and bottom surfaces, but is still found in the phase distribution. The effect of number of stacked layers on the propagation characteristics is discussed by comparing the numerical simulation results with the measurement.