This paper proposed the advantages of using a 2D/3D hybrid imagery system over the use of 3D by itself. A hybrid imagery system was created by projecting a 3D (stereo) image in between and overlapping onto two adjacent 2D images. The negative effect where 2D and 3D images overlap was studied and resolved. Then sensations subject experienced from the visual cues under the different conditions were attained. Participant's sensations while looking at the different forms of imagery on both a flat screen and a flat/inclined screen combination were then attained. The data for the 2D/3D hybrid system were compared with that attained for a 3D image system on its own (without 2D images). Results indicate that there are benefits to using a 2D/3D hybrid system over 3D by itself.

It is important to look for alternative forms of physical movement of people and equipments in order to assure diagnosis and maintenance tasks, especially in an environment where workers are subject to danger. An evident and classical solution is the use of the tele-operation and tele-robotics. If the tele-operation helps to solve a lot of real and technical problems, it still remains insufficient to assure an appropriate remote diagnosis and maintenance. The use of virtual reality techniques with the tele-operation can be the solution for an effective remote maintenance and diagnosis. In this paper we show the inefficiency occurred with the use of only tele-operation in the remote maintenance, we introduce our original new system where we use virtual reality techniques and 2D-3D matching (2D camera image-3D virtual objects) with tele-operation to remotely collect machinery vibration data. We explain its structure, implementation and its advantages. We finished by experimenting the system, measuring the different operating times and precision and discuss the results.

In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) and the outage probability are presented for a maximal ratio combining (MRC) two-dimensional (2D)-RAKE receiver operating in a correlated frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading environment with multiple access interference. A simple approximated probability distribution function of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is derived for the receiver with multiple correlated antennas and RAKE branches in arbitrary fading environments. The combined effects of spatial and temporal diversity order, average received signal-to-noise ratio, the number of multiple access interference, angular spread, antennae spacing and multi-path Nakagami-m fading environment on the system performance are illustrated. Numerical results indicate that the performance of the 2D-RAKE receiver depends highly on the operating environment and antenna array configuration. The performance can be improved by increasing the spatio-temporal diversity gains and antenna spacing.

The traditional methods of HMM, although highly successful in 1-D time series analysis, have not yet been successfully extended to 2-D image analysis while fully exploiting the hierarchical design and extension of HMM networks for complex structured signals. Apart from the traditional method off-line training of the Baum-Welch algorithm, we propose a new method of real time creation of word or composite character HMMs for 2-D word/character patterns. Unlike the Latin words in which letters run left-to-right, the composition of word/character components need not be linear, as in Korean Hangul and Chinese characters. The key idea lies in the character composition at the image level and the image-to-model conversion followed by redundancy reduction. Although the resulting model is not optimal, the proposed method has much greater advantage in regard to memory usage and training difficulty. In a series of experiments in character/word spotting in document images, the system recorded the hit ratios of 80% and 67% in Hangul character and word spotting respectively without language models.

We have proposed a speculative selection function for adaptive routing, which uses idle cycles of the network physical links to exchange network information between nodes, thus helps to decide the best selection. Previous study on the mesh network showed that SSR gives message selection flexibility that improves network performance by balancing the network traffic in both global and local scopes. This paper evaluates the speculative selection function on 2D torus network with simulation. The simulation compares the network throughput and latency with various traffic patterns. The visualization graphs show how the speculative selection eliminates hotspots and disperses traffic in the global scope. The simulation results demonstrate that by using speculative selection, the network performance is increased by around 7%. Compared to the mesh network, the torus's version has smaller gain due to the high performance nature of the torus network.

This paper derives a set of orthogonal polynomials for a complex random variable that is uniformly distributed in two dimensions (2D). The polynomials are used in a series expansion to approximate memoryless nonlinearities in digital QAM systems. We also study stochastic identification of nonlinearities using the orthogonal polynomials through analysis and simulations.

In this paper, we discuss noise reduction approaches to improving range images using a nonlinear 2D Kalman filter. First, we propose the nonlinear 2D Kalman filter, which can reduce noise in the range image using an estimated edge vector and a nonlinear function that does not distort sharp edges. Second, we evaluate reduction of the additive noise in a test range image using the mean square error (MSE). Third, we discuss the detection rate and the number of false detections in the estimated range image. Fourth, a simulation example demonstrating the performance of the proposed 2D Kalman filter for a real range image having abrupt changes is presented. Finally, simulation results are presented which show that the estimated image of the nonlinear 2D Kalman filter is effective in reducing the amount of noise, while causing minimal smoothing of the abrupt changes.

Among several multiprocessor topologies, two-dimensional (2D) mesh topology has become popular due to its simplicity and efficiency. Even though a number of scheduling and processor allocation schemes for 2D meshes have been proposed in the literature, little study has been done aimed for real-time environment. In this paper, we propose an on-line scheduling and allocation scheme for real-time tasks that require the exclusive use of submeshes in 2D mesh system. By effectively manipulating the information on allocated or reserved submeshes, the proposed scheme can quickly identify the earliest available time of a free submesh for a newly arrived task. We employ a limited preemption approach to reduce the complexity of the search for a feasible schedule. Computer simulation reveals that the proposed scheme allows high throughput by decreasing the number of tasks rejected.

This paper shows the applicability of the integral equation formulation of the measured equation of invariance (IE-MEI) to two-dimensional dielectric scatterers. That is, a relationship between the scattered electric and magnetic fields, which is derived from the new formulation of the IE-MEI, is applicable to lossless dielectric materials as well as perfect electric conductors (PEC). In addition, we show that the IE-MEI does not suffer from internal resonance problems. These two facts are validated by numerical examples for a circular cylinder and a square cylinder illuminated by Transverse Magnetic (TM) plane wave or a TM line source very close to the scatterers. The numerical results calculated by the IE-MEI agree well with the ones by moment methods that employ combined field formulations with exact boundary conditions.

A fault-tolerant wormhole routing algorithm on mesh-connected processors is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on the solid fault model and allows the fault polygons to be overlapped. The algorithm compares the position of fault region relative to current channel with the fault direction field of a misrouted message to route around overlapped fault polygons. A node deactivating algorithm to convert non-solid fault region into solid fault region is also proposed. The proposed routing algorithm uses four virtual channels and is deadlock and livelock free.

To enhance the anti-fading technique of direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) schemes in land mobile radio communication systems, a two-dimensional RAKE reception (2D-RAKE) scheme in beam space digital beam forming (BS-DBF) antenna configuration is proposed. The proposed scheme is applied to cellular base stations where the received signals in the reverse link are relieved from multipath fading by means of enhanced RAKE combining in spacial and temporal domains. Fundamental performance in the reverse link under multipath fading environments is investigated by computer simulation applying a wideband propagation channel model.

This paper describes two dimensional (2D) equalization scheme of orthogonal coding multi-carrier CDMA for reverse link of mobile communication systems. The purpose of the 2D equalization is the reduction of Multiple Access Interference (MAI) which is caused by the random access and the different propagation path from each mobile station. The orthogonal coding multi-carrier CDMA multiplexes all mobile stations' data by Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). The 2D coding scheme spreads a preamble signal at time (in subchannel signals) and frequency (between subchannel signals) domains. The 2D decoding scheme estimates transmission delay time and instantaneous fading frequency from preamble signal for individual mobile stations and compensate the received data using these estimation values to reduce MAI.

A quantum interconnection scheme by controlling the Coulomb interaction between ballistic electrons is proposed in which 2DEG (2 dimensional electron gas) plays the role of an interconnection medium. This concept brings up new possibilities for the interconnection approach in various fields such as parallel processing, telecommunications switching, and quantum functional devices. Cross-over interconnection, address collision, and address selection in a quantum information network system were analyzed as the first step. The obtained results have shown that the interconnection probability can be controlled by the velocity and timing of the ballistic electron emission from the emitter electrode. The proposed interconnection scheme is expected to open up a new field of quantum effect integrated circuits in the 21st century.

A lossless image compression method based on two-dimensional (2D) linear prediction with variable coefficients is proposed. This method employs a space varying autoregressive (AR) model. To achieve a higher compression ratio, the method introduces new ideas in three points: the level conversion, the fast recursive parameter estimation, and the switching method for coding table. The level conversion prevents an AR model from predicting gray-level which does not exist in an image. The fast recursive parameter estimation algorithm proposed here calculates varying coefficients of linear prediction at each pixel in shorter time than conventional one. For encoding, the mean square error between the predicted value and the true one is calculated in the local area. This value is used to switch the coding table at each pixel to adapt it to the local statistical characteristics of an image. By applying the proposed method to "Girl" and "Couple" of IEEE monochromatic standard images, the compression ratios of 100 : 46 and 100 : 44 have been achieved, respectively. These results are superior to the best results (100 : 61 and 100 : 57) obtained by the approach under JPEG recommendations.