Frequency channel allocation according to the interference among links is important in autonomous distributed control wireless base station networks from the viewpoint of efficient frequency utilization. It is generally difficult to estimate the interference imposed on other links in a distributed control scheme. This paper proposes a novel frequency channel allocation scheme employing distributed control utilizing broadcast signals to estimate the intensities and frequencies of the interference to other links. The frequency channel, which can be allocated to a link from the viewpoint of the degree of the interference imposed on other links, can be found by receiving broadcast signals. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme efficiently allocates frequency channels to each link to avoid the interference.

The design of the analog part of a mixed analog-digital IC for a commercial wireless burglar alarm system is presented as an example of a very low-power VLSI design for battery-operated systems. The main constraint is battery life, which must be at least five years (with standard camera-battery). An operational amplifier, a power supply monitor and an oscillator are the core of the design. The operational amplifier absorbs 1.5 µA while the entire analog part absorbs 4 µA. Measures on each single part show compliance with specification. Test on working environment show its full functionality. Even though the example is application specific, the design solutions and each single element can also be utilized in many other battery-operated low-frequency devices (e.g. environmental parameter monitoring).

This paper describes the experimental approach of the Direct Optical Switching (DOS) CDM Radio-on-Fiber (RoF) system. Improved carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) performance by using an Optical Polarity Reversing Correlator (OPRC) in comparison to using a single switch decoder is experimentally obtained. In addition, CIR performance deterioration due to degradation of the extinction ratio of the optical switch decoder is clarified from the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. Finally, we confirmed that CIR performance is improved more by using an M-sequence whose weight is even numbered than by using an odd numbered one.

An effective transmitter power control method is indispensable in combating the near-far problem and minimizing the effect of interference on the system capacity. This paper investigates the power control problem for the uplink direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system. In recent works on power control problem, power levels are assumed to take on any positive real value. However, in practical systems, power levels are discrete. This paper therefore proposes a power control algorithm over a discrete set of power levels in which each base station locally optimizes the power set of all users in its own cell. Also, we investigate its convergence and power consumption properties. Simulation results indicate that the proposed power control algorithm converges faster and provides an improved performance.

In this paper, a simple subcarrier selection combining technique is proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with multiple receive antennas. The subcarrier-based selection algorithm is developed in the frequency domain to achieve an optimal selection combining gain for OFDM systems, instead of the antenna-based selection algorithms in the time domain or frequency domain. The proposed technique selects an optimal subcarrier with a maximum channel gain among all the receive antennas with the same subcarrier position, based on the estimated channel frequency response during the training period. Hardware complexity for the proposed technique is minimal since it requires single front-end with multiple receive antennas and single baseband demodulator. It is shown by computer simulation that a significant gain can be achieved by the proposed technique over the conventional selection combining technique for OFDM systems in practical situations.

European research Framework Programs and in particular their impact on international standardization for the development of third generation mobile communication systems are reviewed, which are currently being deployed. In 2002 the European Commission launched the 6th Framework Program. In parallel, research on systems beyond third generation started already. Therefore, international organizations such as the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) were established. WWRF and other international activities are presented. The vision of the Wireless World is developed from the user perspective, where already a high degree of international harmonization was achieved. The building blocks of the Wireless World and the resulting necessary major research areas are summarized. Future research projects on systems beyond third generation will focus on these topics. Global cooperation will be an important prerequisite to achieve harmonized future standards. Therefore, the 6th Framework Program of the European Commission will provide an important platform for international cooperation. The 6th Framework Program is described in detail.

We demonstrate polarization-independent and highly-efficient optical fiber wavelength converters in a 10 Gb/s NRZ transmission system. They are based on synchronous phase or frequency modulations of the two orthogonally polarized pump lights, and can suppress not only the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) but also the spread of the converted spectrum without modulating the signal light.

A new clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) is realized for the application of data communication systems requiring GHz-range clock signals. The high frequency jitter is one of major performance-limiting factors in CDR, particularly when NRZ data patterns are used. A novel phase detector is able to suppress this noise, and stable clock generation is achieved. Furthermore, optical characteristics for fast locking are achieved with the adaptive delay cell in the phase detector. The circuit is designed based on CMOS 0.25 µm fabrication process and its performance is verified by measurement results.

The coarse frequency offset estimation algorithm has to provide an initial frequency error estimate, which is sufficiently accurate in order to operate reliably for the subsequent fine frequency synchronization algorithm. In this letter, we deal with a coarse frequency offset estimation for digital audio broadcasting. We propose an improved frequency synchronization scheme which uses the minimum energy detection scheme. We compare the performance of proposed scheme with that of conventional schemes under AWGN and Rayleigh channel. It has been shown that the proposed algorithm has high robustness against a large range of symbol timing offset with a low complexity.

Recent advances of Web information systems such as e-commerce and e-learning have created very large but hidden demands on conceptual multiresolution analysis for more generalized information analysis, cognition and modeling. To meet the demands in a general way, its modeling is formulated based on modern algebraic topology. To be specific, the modeling formulation is worked out in an incrementally modular abstraction hierarchy with emphasis on the two levels of the hierarchy appropriate for conceptual modeling: the adjunction space level and the cellular structured space level. Examples are shown to demonstrate the usefulness of the presented model as well as an implementation of a flower structure case.

The forbidden state problem is to synthesize a control policy for preventing a Petri net from reaching any state in its forbidden set. In this paper, we address a liveness preserving version of the forbidden state problem for lossy Petri nets. During the process of keeping Petri nets out of the set of their forbidden states, a control policy does not disable a live marking. We present a method to solve the above problem based on fixed point computations. We show that for lossy Petri nets, the problem is decidable. From a practical viewpoint, the problem associated with our fixed point approach is 'state explosion. ' In order to overcome this problem, we propose a symbolic approach, which uses Boolean functions for implicitly representing the set of states. We use Boolean functions for representing reachable markings. Thus OBDDs, compact representations of Boolean functions, can reduce the time and space involved in solving the forbidden state problem described in this paper.

A new technique for optical generation of high-purity millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals--namely, by synthesizing the outputs from cascadingly phase-locked multiple semiconductor lasers--was developed. Firstly, a high-spectral-purity mm-wave signal was optically generated by heterodyning the outputs from two phase-locked external-cavity semiconductor lasers. The beat signal was detected by a p-i-n photodiode whose output was directly coupled to a coax-waveguide converter followed by a W-band harmonic mixer. By constructing an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL), a high-spectral-purity mm-wave signal with an electrical power of 2.3 µW was successfully generated at 110 GHz with an rms phase fluctuation of 57 mrad. Secondly, the frequency of the mm-wave signal was extended by use of three cascadingly phase-locked semiconductor lasers. This technique uses a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to generate four-wave-mixing (FWM) signals as well as to amplify the input signals. When the three lasers were appropriately tuned, two pairs of FWM signals were nearly degenerated. By phase-locking the offset frequency in one of the nearly degenerated pairs, the frequency separations among the three lasers were kept at a ratio of 1:2. Thus, we successfully generated high-purity millimeter-wave optical-beat signals at frequencies at 330.566 GHz with an rms phase fluctuation of 0.38 rad. A detailed analysis of the phase fluctuations was carried out on the basis of measured power spectral densities. The possibility of extending the mm-wave frequency up to 1 THz by using four cascadingly phase-locked lasers was also discussed.

This paper investigates based on laboratory experiments the multiuser interference suppression effect of the coherent adaptive antenna array diversity (CAAAD) receiver employing an optical fiber feeder in the intermediate frequency (IF) stage, aiming at the practical use of adaptive antenna array beam forming techniques based on the W-CDMA air interface. We employed a configuration in which the optical fiber conversion, i.e., electrical-to-optical (E/O) conversion (vice versa (O/E)), is performed on a received signal amplified by an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier in the IF stage, to abate the impact of the noise component generated by the E/O (O/E) converters. We first show by computer simulation the superiority of the optical fiber conversion in the IF stage to that in the radio frequency (RF) stage based on the achievable bit error rate (BER) performance. Furthermore, experimental results elucidate that the loss in the required transmit signal energy per bit-to-background noise power spectrum density ratio (Eb/N0) of the implemented CAAAD receiver at the average BER of 10-3 employing the optical fiber feeders in the IF stage compared to that with coaxial cables is within a mere 0.2 dB (six antennas, three users, two-path Rayleigh fading channel model, and the ratio of the target signal energy per bit-to-interference power spectrum density ratio (Eb/I0) of the desired user to that of the interfering users for fast transmission power control (TPC) is ΔEb/I0=-15 dB).

Adapting to the structure of 2-D H-Transform, this paper proposes a novel wavelet domain half-pixel motion compensation algorithm HMRME (Half-pixel Multi-Resolution Motion Estimation). The primary objective of this study is the reduction of the aliasing effect caused by the down-sampling in the wavelet transform under the complexity constraints. The conventional multi-resolution motion estimation scheme can be combined with the half-pixel interpolation method to generate a new high-performance wavelet video codec. The preliminary results show that the performance of HMRME rises above its counterparts, the Multi-Resolution Motion Estimation (MRME) and the Adaptive Multi-Resolution Motion Estimation (AMRME).

A novel RF CMOS high Q-value active inductor is proposed in this work by using simple cascode RC feedback compensation technique. The performance of this active inductor has maximum Q-value about 1.2E6, inductance value from 3.5 nH to 4.5 nH and 3E-5Ω of minimum total equivalent loss, in the range of 1.2 GHz to 2 GHz.

The dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technique is very attractive for effectively increasing the channel capability, even for access networks. Some DWDM radio-on-fiber (ROF) systems have been studied recently. In those systems, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) or arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) were used to demultiplex DWDM ROF signals. In this report, an alternative channel-selection scheme of DWDM millimeter-wave-band ROF signals by optical heterodyne detection with dual-mode local light is newly proposed. Error-free demultiplexing and transmission over a 25-km-long SMF of the DWDM signal, which consists of two 60-GHz-band, 155-Mb/s-DPSK ROF signals, are demonstrated.

An optical FM system using an optical FM LD (laser diode) and an optical frequency discriminator (OFD), in which a nonlinear compensation scheme based on the interaction between its nonlinearities can minimize intermodulation distortion. This paper theoretically investigates the minimization influence for 3rd plus 5th order intermodulation distortion power for an optical FM radio-on-fiber system. The carrier to noise-plus-distortion power ratio (CNDR) is theoretically analyzed in employing the OFD whose transmission characteristic is controlled by a phase shifter. The results show that the designed receiver can achieve higher CNDR in the application of multicarrier transmission.

We present low-cost millimeter-wave (MMW) photonic techniques for implementing gigabit/s wireless links. A passive mode-locked laser consisting of a Fabry-Perot laser and a single-mode fiber is used to generate 120-GHz optical MMW signals. We modulated these MMW signals by controlling the bias voltage of the photodiode. The MMW generation and modulation methods do not need expensive photonic components or high-power drivers. A link employing these low-cost photonic techniques achieved 1.25-Gbit/s wireless data transmission.

We report on several photoconductive (PC) geometries for the generation of both guided-wave and free-space terahertz (THz) waveforms. It is found that guided-wave THz electrical waveforms can be produced through both PC self-switching and frozen wave generation--eliminating the need for an ultrashort carrier lifetime in the semiconductor substrate. The concept of PC switching is also applied to the generation of free-space THz waveforms, and various ZnSe detectors are investigated as potential electro-optic THz sensors.

In medical diagnosis, cone beam CT increases the dose absorbed by a patient. However, the radiographic noise (such as quantum noise) in a CT image increases when radiation exposure is reduced. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the CT image degraded by the quantum mottle based on 2-D wavelet transform modulus sum (WTMS). The noise and regular parts of an image can be observed by tracing the evolution of its 2-D WTMS across scales. Our experimental results show that most of the quantum mottle in the 2-D projections is removed by the proposed method and the edges preserved well. We investigate the relation between the number of X-ray photons and the quality of the denoised images. The result shows the possibility that a patient's dose can be reduced about 10% with the same visual quality by our method.