This paper presents a method of expanding the operating frequency band of a Reverberating TEM Cell (RTC) for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. To expand the operating frequency band of an RTC, this paper places a wire septum inside the cell instead of a solid septum. The maximum usable frequency (MUF) for TEM cell operation and the lowest usable frequency (LUF) for reverberating chamber operation with the wire septum are studied and compared with a conventional solid septum. The E field strengths inside the RTC are measured and evaluated. The measurement results show that the RTC with the wire septum have similar MUF to the RTC with a solid septum at TEM mode, but have much lower LUF at a reverberating mode, which proves that the operating frequency band of the RTC can be expanded by using the wire septum.

This paper investigates the effect of several frequency modulation profiles on conducted-noise reduction in dc-dc converters with programmed switching controller. The converter is operated in variable frequency modulation regime. Twelve switching frequency modulation profiles have been studied. Some of the modulation data are prepared using MATLAB software, and others are generated online. Moreover, all the frequency profiles have been designed and implemented using FPGA and experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the conducted-noise spreading depends on both the modulation sequence profile and the statistical characteristics of the sequence. A substantial part of the manufacturing cost of power converters for telecommunication applications involves designing filters to comply with the EMI limits. Considering this investigation significantly reduces the filter size.

This paper presents the field uniformity characteristics in a triangular prism reverberation chamber that can be substituted for an open area test site or an anechoic chamber to measure electromagnetic interference. To improve size problems of a stirrer that is an official unit to generate a uniform field in the reverberation chamber, we suggest a diffuser of Quadratic Residue Sequence method. To validate the substitution of a diffuser for a stirrer, a diffuser is designed for 1-3 GHz, and three types of equilateral triangular prism reverberation chambers are modeled. Afterwards, the field distributions in these three reverberation chambers are both simulated and tested. Using XFDTD 6.2 of finite difference time domain method, field deviations of each structure are simulated and compared to each other. An evaluation of field uniformity is done by cumulative probability distribution which is specified in the IEC 61000-4-21. The result shows that the field uniformity in the chamber is within 6 dB tolerance and also within 3 dB standard deviation, which means a diffuser can satisfy the requirement of international standards.

In this paper, a novel method of partially placing electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) unit cells on both the power and ground planes in multi-layer PCBs and packages is proposed; it can not only sufficiently eliminate simultaneous switching noise (SSN), but also prevent severe degradation of signal quality in high-speed systems with imperfect reference planes resulting from the perforated structures of uni-planar EBG unit cells. On the assumption that the noise sources and noise-sensitive devices exist only in specific areas, the proposed method partially arranges the EBG unit cells on both the power and ground planes, but only around the critical areas. The SSN suppression performance of the proposed structure is verified by a simulation and measurements.

To build a stable power distribution network for high-speed digital systems, simultaneous switching noise (SSN) should be sufficiently suppressed in multi-layer PCBs and packages. In this paper, a novel hybrid uni-planar compact electromagnetic bandgap (UC-EBG) with two triangular-type unit cells designed on power/ground planes is proposed for the ultra-broadband suppression of SSN. The SSN suppression performance of the proposed structure is validated both numerically and experimentally. A -35 dB suppression bandwidth for SSN is achieved, starting at 800 MHz and extending to 15 GHz and beyond, thereby covering almost the entire noise band.

In this paper, we design and manufacture a flanged double ridged waveguide with a tapered section as a sample holder for measuring the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of planar material in broadband frequency ranges up to 10 GHz. The proposed technique overcomes the limitations of the conventional ASTM D4935 test method at high frequencies. The simulation results for the designed sample holders agree well with the fabricated ones in consideration of the design specification of S11 < -20 dB within the frequency range of 1-10 GHz. To verify the proposed measurement apparatus, the measured SE data of the commercial shielding materials from 1 to 10 GHz were indirectly compared with those obtained from the ASTM D4935 from 30 MHz to 1 GHz. We observed that the SE data obtained by using both experimental techniques agree with each other.

Research on the electromagnetic compatibility of functional module composed of two independent electromagnetic relays in a hermetically sealed shell is the technical foundation for integration and miniaturization of electronic equipment in the future. In this paper, 3D finite element method (FEM) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of twin-type relay interfered by uniform constant magnetic field and identify the sensitive direction in which the relay was easily interfered. The models of twin-type relay in three working states were founded. Through simulation and analysis, it was found out how the operation time and electromagnetic torque of twin-type relay changed with the outer interfered magnetic field. When the relay was on the point of operation failure, the critical value of magnetic field was calculated through simulation. The simulation results of the dynamic characteristics of twin-type relay agree well with the experimental data. The conclusion in this paper is of great value for research on the electromagnetic compatibility of relay functional module.

In this letter, we propose a new preamble structure for channel estimation in a MIMO OFDM-based WLAN system. Both backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11a and low overhead are considered in designing the preamble. Simulation results show that the proposed preamble has low overhead and good performance gain for channel estimation.

In this paper, we propose simple but effective modifications of 802.11 MAC (media access control) to resolve efficiency and fairness issues, in wireless ad-hoc networks [2]. Our proposal, based on the flow concept, incorporated faster end-to-end forwarding by assigning higher priority to a node that has packets to relay than others. After completion of end-to-end transmission, the node will be assigned a lower priority level to yield to other nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme (F-MAC) significantly enhances the throughput of ad-hoc networks, while keeping fair sharing of bandwidth among mobile nodes.

Techniques of near-field magnetic measurement and their applications to EMC of digital equipment are described. Magnetic-field measurement near PCB or LSI is the mostly used technique to specify the source. This paper treats an example of board analysis by near-field magnetic measurement, the sensing mechanism and the structure of a loop probe, and a recent progress of this method and application. To establish appropriate design direction in high-speed and high-density packaging of electronic equipment, electromagnetic behavior in chip and package should be clarified. Expectation of development for measuring minute area is more and more increasing.

This paper presents a systematic methodology for the system-level assessment of signal integrity and electromagnetic compatibility effects in high-speed communication and information systems. The proposed modeling strategy is illustrated via a case study consisting of a critical coupled net of a complex system. Three main methodologies are employed for the construction of accurate and efficient macromodels for each of the sub-structures typically found along the signal propagation paths, i.e. drivers/receivers, transmission-line interconnects, and interconnects with a complex 3D geometry such as vias and connectors. The resulting macromodels are cast in a common form, enabling the use of either SPICE-like circuit solvers or VHDL-AMS equation-based solvers for system-level EMC predictions.

Traditional Web cache servers based on HTTP and ICP infrastructure tend to have higher hardware and management cost, have difficulty in availability, automatic and dynamic reconfiguration, and may have slow links to some users. We find that peer-to-peer technology can help solve these problems. The peer cache service (PCS) we proposed here leverages each peer's local cache, similar access patterns, fully distributed coordination, and fast communication channels to enhance response time, scale of cacheable objects, and availability. Moreover, incorporating goals and strategies such as making the protocol lightweight and mutually compatible with existing cache infrastructure, supporting mobile devices, undertaking dynamic three-level caching, and exchanging cache meta-information further improve the effectiveness and differentiate our work from other similar-at-first-glance P2P Web cache systems.

The Neural Network (NN) is applied to recognize basic PCB configurations using its magnetic near-field spectra and radiated far-field emission. The learning process is accomplished by using the computed spectra of the radiated field from PCBs having different configurations. The anomaly is detected through the monitoring of the spectra's amplitude frequency by injecting a voltage pulse at the PCB configuration. The trained NN is then applied to the identification of PCB layouts from radiated emission measurements. The trained NN can identify all of those PCB configurations from the magnetic near-field spectra and the radiated far-field EMI. Moreover, the calculated results of the NN are compared with the actual far-field measurements and other models for evaluation. Finally, the NN used for predicting far-field emission from their magnetic near-field measurement is proposed. Experiments show that the NN can predict the far-field spectra from the magnetic near-field spectra.

This paper presents a case study of synthesis of the industrial embedded microcontroller HT48100 and analysis of performance, cost and software compatibility for its implementation alternatives, using the hardware/software co-design system for microcontrollers/microprocessors PIPER-II. The synthesis tool accepts as input the instruction set architecture (behavioral) specification, and produces as outputs the pipelined RTL designs with their simulators, and the reordering constraints which guide the compiler backend to optimize the code for the synthesized designs. A compiler backend is provided to optimize the application software according to the reordering constraints. The study shows that the co-design approach was able to help the original design team to analyze the architectural properties, identify inefficient architecture features, and explore possible architectural improvements and their impacts in both hardware and software. Feasible future upgrades for the microcontroller family have been identified by the study.

This paper proposes a test generation method using a compacted test table and a test generation method using a compacted test plan table for RTL data path circuits with DFT where hierarchical test generations are applicable. Moreover, a heuristic algorithm for a compacted test plan table generation is proposed. The proposed methods could shorten test lengths for some RTL data path circuits compared with the conventional hierarchical test generation method.

Transmission and distribution systems are investigated for application in future fiber optic super-broadband and super-multi-channel subscriber loops. Gradual upgrading is considered so that future systems can keep compatibility with existing systems. First, time frame and strategies for subscriber loop upgrade are overviewed and assumptions for evolution of broadband multimedia distribution systems are discussed. It is suggested that upgrading to super-high definition (SHD) quality multimedia is desirable. Next, some examples of extra-auxiliary picture (EAP) formats are discussed to show the possibility of improving upgradability and compatibility by using extra-channels. Then multiplexing and channel selecting systems are investigated for economical realization of super-multi-channel distribution and flexible channel selection, and hybrid multiplexing (HMUX) and a trans-selector (T-SEL) are proposed. Finally, the efficiencies of HMUX and T-SEL are discussed by using numerical examples. Although broadband down streams are mainly considered, other streams such as IP traffics can be accommodated in the distribution systems investigated in this paper.

In this paper, we deal with the problem of compatibility class encoding, and propose a novel algorithm for finding a good functional decomposition with application to LUT-based FPGA synthesis. Based on exploration of the design space, we concentrate on extracting a set of components, which can be merged into the minimum number of multiple-output CLBs or LUTs, such that the decomposition constructed from these components is also minimal. In particular, to explore more degrees of freedom, we introduce pliable encoding to take over the conventional rigid encoding when it fails to find a satisfactory decomposition by rigid encoding. Experimental results on a large set of MCNC91 logic synthesis benchmarks show that our method is quite promising.

This paper reviews the present EMC technology level, introduces the problems to be investigated in the near future from the viewpoint of design technology, test and measurement and systems safety, and proposes what is a goal of technology level of EMC to be established for circuits, equipments and systems.

This paper is consisting of the two novel EMC technologies that we have been developed in our laboratory. The first is the technology for measuring the RF (Radio Frequency) nearby magnetic field and estimation of the RF current in the printed circuit board (PCB) by using the small loop antenna with multi-layer PCB structure developed by our laboratory. I introduce the application of our small loop antenna with its physical structure and the analysis of the nearby magnetic field distribution of the printed circuit board applying the discrete Wavelet analysis. We can understand the behavior of the digital circuit in detail, and we can also take measures to meet the specification about the electromagnetic radiation from the digital circuit from the higher order of priority by using these technologies. The second is our proposing novel technology for reducing the electromagnetic radiation from the digital equipment by taking notice of the improvement of the de-coupling in the PCB. We confirmed the remarkable effect of this technology by redesigning the motherboard of the small-sized computer.

Surface discharge is widely used for industrial ozonizers and toxic gas treatments, and is noise source. In this paper, an experimental investigation from the point of view of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has been conducted to evaluate the noise characteristics of surface discharge combustion flue gas cleaning systems. Mechanisms of propagation, coupling and formation are proposed based on the experimental observations.