As the performance of each node becomes higher, it is expected that the ad hoc network is used for the community network in which a few thousands of mobile nodes exist. In such a network, the number of hops between a source node and a destination node also becomes longer. However, as the route becomes longer, it is difficult to provide the robust and reliable route for mobile ad hoc networks since the multiple route breaks occur at the same time due to the topology change. Therefore, this paper proposes a Route-Split Routing resilient to simultaneous failure (RSR). RSR sets up multiple Subroute Management Nodes (SMN's) on the route and each SMN manages the subroute between the SMN and the neighboring SMN. When the multiple route breaks occur at the same time, each subroute is repaired by the SMN. Consequently, RSR can reduce the number of control packets used for the route repair and mitigate the network congestion even in case that the number of nodes in the network becomes very larger.

On the basis of the RF characteristics of p-type diamond field-effect transistors (FETs) with hydrogen surface termination, we establish an equivalent circuit (EQC) model. From comparisons of three cases we reveal that to represent the device performance in the EQC, the source, gate, and drain resistance should be considered but that the gate-source and gate-drain resistance can be ignored. The features of diamond FETs are (1) a plateau of the gate capacitance in a certain gate voltage range. (2) maximum fT and fMAX cut-off frequencies near the threshold gate voltage, and (3) a high fMAX/fT ratio 3.8. We discuss these features in terms of the energy barrier between the gate metal and the two-dimensional hole channel and drift region below the gate.

This article analyzes the internal mechanism of fault attacks on microcontrollers and proposes a cost-effective hardware and software countermeasure design policy. Reliable branch operations are essential to DFA-resistant hardware. Our method is based on a logical fault attack simulation to find the minimum set of signals that contribute to faults in the branch operations and is also based on applying partially redundant logic.

It is known that TCP data transfer in a wireless multihop network experiences a degradation in inter-connection fairness and throughput. This is because TCP is designed for use in wired networks, and the wireless multihop network has characteristics of sharing of the medium resources among nodes, which wired networks do not have. In particular, in wireless multihop networks where wireless nodes widely exist, hidden/exposed terminal problems are caused even if an RTS/CTS handshake is used. In this paper, two methods are proposed to improve fairness and throughput, without any feedback information from the intermediate nodes or cross-layer information. One method restricts the transfer period, while the other restrains the TCP congestion window. We evaluated these methods using computer simulations.

This paper presents a fuzzy partitioning method that adaptively divides a global key pool into multiple partitions by a fuzzy logic in the statistical filtering-based sensor networks. Compared to the original statistical filtering scheme, the proposed method is more resilient against node compromise.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) maximum-SNR (max-SNR) system employs the maximum ratio combiner (MRC) at the receiver side and the maximum ratio transmitter (MRT) at the transmitter side. Its performances highly depend on MIMO channel characteristics, which vary according to both the number of antennas and their distribution between the transmitter and receiver sides. By using the decomposition of the ordered Wishart distribution in the uncorrelated Rayleigh case, we derived a closed-form expression of the largest eigenvalue probability density function (PDF). The final result yields to an expression form of the PDF where polynomials are multiplied by exponentials; it is worth underlining that, though this form had been previously observed for given couples of antennas, to date no formally-written closed-form was available in the literature for an arbitrary couple. Then, this new expression permits one to quickly and easily get the well known largest eigenvalue PDF and use it to determine the binary error probability (BEP) of the max-SNR.

This paper addresses the problem of view invariant action recognition using 2D trajectories of landmark points on human body. It is a challenging task since for a specific action category, the 2D observations of different instances might be extremely different due to varying viewpoint and changes in speed. By assuming that the execution of an action can be approximated by dynamic linear combination of a set of basis shapes, a novel view invariant human action recognition method is proposed based on non-rigid matrix factorization and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We show that the low dimensional weight coefficients of basis shapes by measurement matrix non-rigid factorization contain the key information for action recognition regardless of the viewpoint changing. Based on the extracted discriminative features, the HMMs is used for temporal dynamic modeling and robust action classification. The proposed method is tested using real life sequences and promising performance is achieved.

We have developed a prototype optical brain-computer interface (BCI) system that can be used by an operator to manipulate external, electrically controlled equipment. Our optical BCI uses near-infrared spectroscopy and functions as a compact, practical, unrestrictive, non-invasive brain-switch. The optical BCI system measured spatiotemporal changes in the hemoglobin concentrations in the blood flow of a subject's prefrontal cortex at 22 measurement points. An exponential moving average (EMA) filter was applied to the data, and then their weighted sum with a task-related parameter derived from a pretest is utilized for time-indicated control (GO-STOP) of an external object. In experiments using untrained subjects, the system achieved control patterns within an accuracy of 6 sec for more than 80% control.

A channel estimation method for multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-OFDM with fast fading channels is proposed to increase estimation quality and reduce the computational complexity. Specifically, we use a space-time correlation between channel coefficients, and compensate the ICI term. Since ICI compensation can be obtained without any pilot symbols for target OFDM block, our proposal is practical for real-time systems. The computational complexity is reduced by considering only dominant data symbols.

This paper proposes a new face recognition method based on mutual projection of feature distributions. The proposed method introduces a new robust measurement between two feature distributions. This measurement is computed by a harmonic mean of two distance values obtained by projection of each mean value into the opposite feature distribution. The proposed method does not require eigenvalue analysis of the two subspaces. This method was applied to face recognition task of temporal image sequence. Experimental results demonstrate that the computational cost was improved without degradation of identification performance in comparison with the conventional method.

In this paper, we propose a novel solution to improving wireless channel quality of wireless local area networks (WLANs) in fast-mobile environments, which uses a media-access-control (MAC) layer approach: adaptive frame-length control and block acknowledgement (ACK). In fast-mobile environments, using short frame lengths can suppress channel estimation error and decrease frame errors. However, it increases the MAC overhead, resulting in decreased throughput. To solve this tradeoff, we combined block ACK, which is specified in IEEE802.11e as an optional function, with adaptive frame-length control. Although adaptive frame-length control considering this tradeoff has previously been investigated, the targets were different from WLANs using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in fast-mobile environments. The MAC-overhead reduction using block ACK is suitable for our frame-length control because it does not change the frame format in the physical layer. Also, it is a new idea to use block ACK as a solution to improving channel quality in fast-mobile environments. In this paper, we evaluate our method through computer simulations and verify the effectiveness of adaptive frame-length control that can accommodate relative speeds.

Spread Spectrum (SS) has been widely used for various wireless systems such as cellular systems, wireless local area network (LAN) and so on. Using multiple antennas at the receiver, two-dimensional (2D) RAKE is realized over the time- and the space-domain. However, it should be noted that the 2D-RAKE receiver must detect the bit timing prior to the RAKE combining. In case of deep fading, it is often difficult to detect it due to low signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). To solve this problem, we propose a new blind 2D-RAKE receiver based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). Since it does not need a priori bit timing detection, it is possible to compensate frequency selective fading even in very low SNR environments. The proposed method is particularly suitable for the software defined radio (SDR) architecture. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through computer simulations.

We propose HHWeb, an extension to LogicWeb with hereditary Harrop formulas. HHWeb extends the LogicWeb of Loke and Davison by allowing goals of the form ( x1... xn D) G (or equivalently x1... xn(D G)) where D is a web page and G is a goal. This goal is intended to be solved by instantiating x1,...,xn in D by new names and then solving the resulting goal. The existential quantifications at the head of web pages are particularly flexible in controlling the visibility of names. For example, they can provide scope to functions and constants as well as to predicates. In addition, they have such simple semantics that implementation becomes more efficient. Finally, they provide a client-side interface which is useful for customizing web pages.

"Dive into the Movie (DIM)" is a name of project to aim to realize a world innovative entertainment system which can provide an immersion experience into the story by giving a chance to audience to share an impression with his family or friends by watching a movie in which all audience can participate in the story as movie casts. To realize this system, several techniques to model and capture the personal characteristics instantly in face, body, gesture, hair and voice by combining computer graphics, computer vision and speech signal processing technique. Anyway, all of the modeling, casting, character synthesis, rendering and compositing processes have to be performed on real-time without any operator. In this paper, first a novel entertainment system, Future Cast System (FCS), is introduced which can create DIM movie with audience's participation by replacing the original roles' face in a pre-created CG movie with audiences' own highly realistic 3D CG faces. Then the effects of DIM movie on audience experience are evaluated subjectively. The result suggests that most of the participants are seeking for higher realism, impression and satisfaction by replacing not only face part but also body, hair and voice. The first experimental trial demonstration of FCS was performed at the Mitsui-Toshiba pavilion of the 2005 World Exposition in Aichi Japan. Then, 1,640,000 people have experienced this event during 6 months of exhibition and FCS became one of the most popular events at Expo.2005.

In this paper, we investigate the proportional fair scheduling (PFS) problem for multiuser OFDM systems, considering the impact of packet length. Packet length influences scheduling schemes in a way that each scheduled packet should be ensured to be completely transmitted within the scheduled frames. We formulate the PFS problem as an optimization problem. Based on the observations on the structure of optimal solutions, we propose a heuristic scheduling algorithm that consists of two stages. First, subcarriers are allocated among users without considering the packet length constraint. Then on the second stage, subcarrier readjustment is done in a way that surplus subcarriers from length-satisfied users are released and allocated among length-unsatisfied users. The objective is to provide proportional fairness among users while guaranteeing complete transmission of each scheduled packet. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has quite close performance to the optimal scheme in terms of Multi-carrier Proportional Fairness Measure (MCPFM), throughput and average packet delay.

The surface amino groups of plasma-polymerized films prepared from various nitrogen-containing monomers were quantitatively characterized for bioelectronic and biomedical applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted on two kinds of surfaces: pristine surfaces of plasma-polymerized film prepared using various nitrogen-containing monomers, and theirs surfaces whose amino groups had been derivatized by a primary-amine-selective reagent carrying an XPS label. The XPS data showed that the maximum surface density of amino groups for this film was 8.41013 cm-2. Amino groups constituted 14-64% of all surface nitrogen atoms (NH/N), depending on the monomer used.

Approximate pattern matching plays an important role in various applications. In this paper we focus on (δ, γ)-matching, where a character can differ at most δ and the sum of these errors is smaller than γ. We show how to find these matches when the pattern is transformed by y=αx + β, without knowing α and β in advance.

A new sinusoidal modeling approach for the analysis-by-synthesis (AbS) of parameters that characterize a linear combination of damped sinusoids is proposed. In addition to the typical sinusoidal parameters, two different damping factors, which represent the time-varying nature of speech, were used to efficiently reduce the modeling error. Even though the proposed model does not employ the overlap-adding synthesis or smoothly interpolative synthesis scheme, it shows substantially better modeling performance in the synthesis of voiced and transient segments.

A framework for generating facial expressions from emotional states in daily conversation is described. It provides a mapping between emotional states and facial expressions, where the former is represented by vectors with psychologically-defined abstract dimensions, and the latter is coded by the Facial Action Coding System. In order to obtain the mapping, parallel data with rated emotional states and facial expressions were collected for utterances of a female speaker, and a neural network was trained with the data. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified by a subjective evaluation test. As the result, the Mean Opinion Score with respect to the suitability of generated facial expression was 3.86 for the speaker, which was close to that of hand-made facial expressions.

In time-varying fading environments, the performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems applying an eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM) technique may be degraded due to a channel change during the time interval between the transmit weight matrix determination and the actual data transmission. To compensate for the channel change, we have proposed some channel prediction methods. Simulation results based on computer-generated channel data showed that better performance can be obtained when using the prediction methods in Rayleigh fading environments assuming the Jakes model with rich scatterers. However, actual MIMO systems may be used in line-of-sight (LOS) environments, and even in a non-LOS case, scatterers may not be uniformly distributed around a receiver and/or a transmitter. In addition, mutual coupling between antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver cannot be ignored as it affects the system performance in actual implementation. We conducted MIMO channel measurement campaigns at a 5.2 GHz frequency band to evaluate the channel prediction techniques. In this paper, we present the experiment and simulation results using the measured channel data. The results show that robust bit-error rate performance is obtained when using the channel prediction methods and that the methods can be used in both Rayleigh and Rician fading environments, and do not need to know the maximum Doppler frequency.