A new switching gate called a kinetic momentum quantum transition device is proposed. The device is composed of two SQUIDs; one is a guantum flux generator and the other is a flux detector. The two SQUIDs are magnetically coupled with each other. The principle of operation is based on the quantized effective flux generated by the SQUID with a small inductance (LI0φ0) and detected by the other SQUID. The device operations were demonstrated experimentally using the fabricated coupled SQUIDs having lead-alloy Josephson junctions. The experimental results were analysed quantitatively using the proposed model for devices. The input-output chracteristics of the device showed step-function-like nonlinearity resulting in a very high current gain. The input and output are well separated from each other. Because of the small necessary inductances, the device-size is one tenth smaller than usual SQUID gates.

The construction method for ladder filters employing piezoelectric ceramic resonators, widely used in consumer radio communication equipments, is investigated with the object of obtaining low-cost high-performance filters. For the presented method, the resonant or antiresonant frequencies of the resonators included in a filter are staggered one after another, perceiving that a small difference in these frequencies between electrically adjacent resonators can be tolerated. The allowable frequency limits for this filter are about four times as great as those for a usual filter, designed using the image parameter or near-image parameter method. The filter can exhibit performances equal to the usual filter. The frequency adjustment process for resonators is able to be fairly well curtailed. Filters based on this construction method include ceramic filters for CB transceiver and pocket-bell receiver, which were designed and trially produced. As a result, low-ripple filters with rough frequency adjustment at most were obtained.

A method for the synthesis of near optimal NAND networks is presented. At first, a given logical function is realized as a multilevel network with a minimum number of negative gates. Next this is transformed into a NAND network. Since procedures presented here do not require backtracking, they are quite efficient.

The composed thermo-e.m.f. caused by a suitable connection, which is called C-connection, becomes lower than the thermo-e.m.f. of individual reed switch. The composed thermo-e.m.f. is discussed by Nernst effect on the reed contact and is given a reasonable explication by this effect.

We have successfully prepared low anodization voltage high-quality capacitors using anodized hafnium films with the anodization voltage of 40 V under the preferable conditions of anodization and heat-treatment.

We consider the following two fundamental problems: (P1) We are given a rectilinear simple polygon P with n edges and a point s in its interior. Given a query point t in the interior of P, find a rectilinear shortest path between s and t. (P2) We are given a rectilinear simple polygon P with n edges. Given a query point pair (s,t) in the interior of P, find a rectilinear shortest path between s and t. For the problem P1, we present an efficient algorithm which works in O(log n+L) query time and O(n log n) preprocessing time, where L is the number of line segments in the shortest path. Another important thing is that the shortest path obtained by the algorithm is of the minimum bends among all the paths between the two points. If only the distance between s and t is needed, then O(log n) time is enough for the query. On the other hand, for the problem P2, O(n) query time is needed while the preprocessing time is the same. Based on the algorithms, it is shown that given m points in a rectilinear n-edge simple polygon we can compute the distance between every pair of points in O(m(m+n)+nlog n) time.

In order to reduce the number of bus conflicts, a multiple bus connection and clustering of multiprocessor system have been proposed. In this paper throughputs of these two types of multiprocessor systems are investigated numerically in some detail.

The analysis of the coupling characteristics between lines becomes more important because of the progress of high density wiring and large integration. The problems can be treated as energy flow which is represented by the Poynting vector. On this view point, we present the variation of the Poynting vector for crossing striplines on time and space.

The recording format of professional audio recorders has to be considered not only from the error correction point of view but also from the realization of such functions as overdubbing and tape cut editing. At first this paper describes the characteristics of errors which occur in the stationary-head type multi-track high density magnetic recording channel. The effect of fingerprints is also examined. The data shows that a two-dimensional code is effective for correcting the errors because of the nature of the error. Among two-dimensional codes, product code is selected from the stand point of code efficiency and hardware size. As a sub-class of generalized product codes, a code which is a combination of the Reed-Solomon code and the cyclic redundancy check code (CRCC) has been employed. In order to save the data recorded in an erroneous track the Reed-Solomon code is applied across the track and the check bits tracks are provided beside the audio data tracks. The data forms a frame in a track. The frame begins with a frame syncronization code, and is ended by the check bits of the CRCC. The optimum frame length concerning the redundancy and interleaving method of the data is described. The experimental data shows that the error correcting scheme is satisfactory.

In this paper we deal with a class of nonlinear differential equations which arise in physical systems. Up to the present time no proper generalized classification of invariant sets with high dimension has been proposed. Invariant sets under the Poincaré transformation are classified into 2H -types according to the characteristic of their adjacent manifolds, where H is a hyperbolicity defined in the neighborhood of the invariant sets. In the final section of this paper, we apply the reduced classification of invariant sets to the third order nonlinear systems which are derived from parametric excitation circuits and discussed their global behavior of invariant sets and manifolds in the topological space. Doubly asymptotic points, homoclinic and heteroclinic types, located in the three-dimensional space are also obtained.

The rain attenuation in the frequency range from 1 to 1000 GHz was calculated by using the Laws-Parsons, Sekine-Lind and Ihara-Furuhama-Manabe distributions for raindrop-size. The results were compared with the recent microwave measurements from 8 to 312.5 GHz at the rain rate R50 mm/hr. The Laws-Parsons distribution has a good agreement with the measurements, while up to 100 GHz, the Sekine-Lind distribution leads to more attenuation than the Laws-Parsons distribution and above 100 GHz, the Ihara-Furuhama-Manabe distribution gives more attenuation than the Laws-Parsons distribution.

A low-sensitivity lowpass switched-capacitor filter (SCF) whose worstcase sensitivity becomes zero at zero frequency is presented. The proposed SCF is realized with the fully balanced SC circuits using the op-amps which can provide the outputs of both signs.

There are many devices which provide vibratory sensation to the skin but only a few use vibratory sensation for practical applications. In this study, the vibration pattern is produced by a 1010 array of small vibrator (PZT) reeds (50 Hz) and the entire array fits on finger tips. This apparatus can be used by the blind who can recognize the correct order of the characters from the motion of the vibrator points. Color character recognition is achieved by using both electrical and mechanical stimuli.

Recently, many non-traditional applications of Switched-Capacitor circuits have been popularly studied. As one of those applications, we present here a new constructing technique of a Switched-Capacitor Impedance Simulation Circuit (SC-ISC) with unity-gain buffers. Any desired impedance can be obtained by applying this SC-ISC technique. To make up a SC-ISC simply and generally, four kinds of basic constructing Units and two types of feedback circuits are introduced. Furthermore, by applying those Units, an arbitrary transfer function can be easily synthesized. In addition, some algorithms to obtain useful impedances are proposed. Several SC-ISC impedances were experimentally constructed and theoretically analyzed. In particular, some kinds of simple filters and oscillators were made and tested. They were also theoretically analyzed.

This paper presents a new approach, based on the conservation law, for analyzing the following single server queueing system with two classes of customers. The arrival process of one class customers is a Poisson process, while that of the other is represented by a renewal process and therefore need not be a Poisson process. Both classes of customers have exponential service time distributions. These queueing models with two input streams are often encountered in communication systems. Utilizing the conservation law, it is shown that for various types of work-conserving queueing disciplines, the mean time in the system for each class of customers can be expressed in teams of the total workload in the system. When the total workload is known, these formulas can be used to obtain numerical solutions for the mean time in the system. The most important result in this approach is that the mean time in the system for each class of customers can be easily computed even when the service rates of both classes of customers are different. This is demonstrated by computing the mean time in the system using the derived formulas. The approximation formulas for the total workload are also presented based on the diffusion approximations, because it is difficult to obtain exact solutions for the total workload except for some special cases. Comparisons of exact and approximate results show that these approximation formulas provide good approximate values.

The relationship between the radar reflectivity factor Z and the rainfall rate R was found using a new raindrop-size distribution which has an improved fit to the existing empirical data. The result Z286 R1.6 is corresponding nearly to the representative relationship Z200 R1.6 which is frequently assumed in radar meteorology.

An iterative design of constrained recursive digital filters is developed. The designing scheme requires no initial values. The constraints are subjected to degrees of both numerator and denominator, transmission zeros and poles, if any, and passband and stopband shaping. The resulting filter completes a prescribed magnitude of either passband or stopband ripples. The optimality property of the filters is examined in detail with emphasis on specifications. The designing scheme involves the elliptic design as a special case. Illustrative examples are also given.

The scattering of electromagnetic plane waves incident obliquely upon a column of hot electron plasma, which is magnetized in the axial direction and is located in free space, is investigated based on a kinetic model for the plasma. This model takes into account a full thermal effect in the axial direction and includes the first-order thermal effect with respect to the transverse direction. The boundary-value problem is solved for both cases of polarizations of the incident wave, i.e., TM wave and TE wave. The numerical results of the back-scattering cross section, the far-field power pattern, and the albedo of the plasma column are presented for several typical values of plasma parameters. The thermal effect of plasma on the characteristics of scattering and absorption are discussed at length. It is shown that when the frequency of incident wave is close to the electron cyclotron frequency, in the case of high-temperature plasma, the energy of incident wave is strongly absorbed through the process of collisionless absorption.

This paper describes a series of experiments on spatial frequency adaptation. The adapting stimulus was a vertical square-wave grating which was moved right and left with constant velocity at the back of a stationary vertical slit. By setting the slit width narrower than a half cycle of the grating, adapting stimuli can be confined to only single edges and bars which repeatedly appear in the slit. Even under this slit vision condition, when adapting frequency was low (0.3, 0.5 and 0.75 c/deg), threshold elevations occurred in the same way as without the slit, where several cycles of the adapting grating could be seen. The position of the largest peak in the elevation profile corresponded to the fundamental frequency of the adapting grating, and the second peak always appeared at a frequency higher than 2 c/deg. The second peak corresponds to a higher harmonic frequency in the adapting stimulus and 2 c/deg corresponds to the lowest adaptable frequency of a sustained system.

Body surface potential mapping has been shown to improve the diagnostic accuracy of certain cardiac electrophysiological disorders. In order to display heart potential distribution maps dynamically in color graphic, we have developed a high-speed data acquisition and presentation system based on double parallel processing technique. The data presentation system consists of 16 parallel computer boards. Each board includes a local CPU and arithmetic processing unit (APU). Double parallel processing can be accomplished between the local CPU and APU in each processing board. By applying this double parallel processing technique we can achieve a dynamical display of heat potential distribution maps with good precision. Clinical application of this electrocardiographic mapping system should significantly increase the understanding of certain heart diseases. These double parallel computations may be adapted for use in other fields of computer graphics.