A method is presented for detecting impulsive noises in chaotic time series, based on a new nonlinear prediction algorithm. A multi-dimensional trajectory is reconstructed from a time series using delay coordinates. The future value of a point on the trajectory is predicted using a local approximation technique revised by adding the Biweight estimation method and then the prediction error is calculated. Impulsive noises are detected by examining the prediction errors for all points on the trajectory. The proposed method is applied to the time series of the pupil area and the refractive power of the lens in the human eye. The Lyapunov exponent analysis for thses time series is conducted. As a result, it is shown that the proposed method is effective in detecting impulsive noises caused by blinking in these time series.

Various applications of cellular neural network (CNN) are reported such as a feature extraction of the patterns, an extraction of the edges or corners of a figure, noise exclusion, searching in maze and so forth. In this paper, we propose a cellular neural network whose each cell has more than two output levels. By using the output function which has several saturated levels, each cell turns to have several output states. The multiple-valued CNN enhances its associative memory function so as to express various kinds of aspects. We report an application of the enhanced asscociative memory function to a diagnosis of the liver troubles.

Synchronization and chaos of the oscillator circuit that is composed of two Duffing-Rayleigh oscillators coupled by resistor are investigated. The characteristic feature of this system is that the cubic nonlinear restoring force of each oscillator. The restoring force causes the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation with various synchronizations in the parameter plane. We clarify the bifurcation structure related with this nonlinear phenomenon, and study the chaotic state and its bifurcation process. Especially, we deals with the case that the symmetrical property is broken by changing system parameters.

In this study, some oscillators with different oscillation frequencies, N - 1 oscillators have the same oscillation frequency and only the Nth oscillator has different frequency, coupled by a resistor are investigated. At first we consider nonresonance. By carrying out circuit experiments and computer calculations, we observe that oscillation of the Nth oscillator stops in some range of the frequency ratio and that others are synchronized as if the Nth oscillator does not exist. These phenomena are also analyzed theoretically by using the averaging method. Secondly, we investigate the resonance region where the fiequency ratio is nearly equal to 1. For this region we can observe interesting double-mode oscillation, that is, synchronization of envelopes of the double-mode oscillation and change of oscillation amplitude of the Nth oscillator.

The thermal and/or the tensile strain distribution along the fiber make the Brillouin gain coefficient different in each point of the fiber. As a basic study of the Brillouin fiber optic gyro, its effect on lasing characteristics of a fiber Brillouin ring laser is formulated in the general form by using the statistical function and then calculation is done for typical values of the parameters. By suppressing the polarization-fluctuation-induced noise caused by the temperature, an example of the effect of the spatially distributed gain coefficient is experimentally demonstrated.

This paper describes a narrow pass-band optical filter utilizing a wavelength-sensitive power-transfer characteristic in the directional coupler composed of the K-and Ag-ion exchange waveguides which have greatly different dispersion relations caused by the large mismatch in the index profile of the waveguide cross-section. A narrow pass-band width of about 7 nm is measured in the filter fabricated in the soda-lime glass substrate. The fabrication technique with two-step ion-exchange of the K-and Ag-ions, is also presented together with a quick design method.

In this paper the characteristics of millimeter-wave antenna composed of layered magnetic and dielectric slabs with different corrugation are described for the transverse electric mode. A corrugation of the upper magnetic layer contacts with air, and the lower surface of the dielectric slab having corrugation in matalized. The extinction coefficient clarifying the characteristics of the leakage wave is systematically derived by using the perturbation method combined with the multiple space scales. As an example the radiation efficiency becomes a value of about 89% by using the typical physical parameters in the frequency range from 52 to 54 GHz.

This paper presents the scattering characteristics of a TE electromagnetic plane wave by metallic strip gratings on an optically plasma-induced silicon slab at millimeter wave frequencies. The characteristics were analyzed by using the spectral domain Galerkin method and estimated numerically. We examined to control the resonance anomaly by changing the optically induced plasma density, and the metallic strip grating structures were fabricated on highly resistive silicon. The optical control characteristics of the reflection, and the forward scattering pattern by the grating structures, were measured at Q band and are discussed briefly with theory.

44 matrix-based analysis of electromagnetic waves scattered by an infinite array of slots with polar-type anisotropic media are presented. In the analysis, the total fields are given as sum of the fields which exist even if the apertured plane are replaced by a ground plane and the fields scattered from the magnetic currents within the apertures. The scattered fields are expanded in terms of two-dimensional Floquet modes. Expression of each fields are obtained through eigenvalue problem for 44 coupled wave matrix. Unknown magnetic currents in the apertures are determined by applying Galerkin's method to the continuity condition about the magnetic fields in the apertures. Calculated results for isotropic cases are compared with other results for the complementary problem available in the literature using Babinet's principle. Further numerical calculations are performed in the case of gratings with polar-type anisotropic slab.

The problem of electromagnetic scattering by capacitive discontinuities located in rectangular waveguides, in particular when dealing with discontinuous conductors of finite thickness, is analyzed using the modified residue-calculus method, and form of the equation suitable for a numerical calculation is derived. The incident wave is taken to be the dominant mode, and reflection and transmission properties of an asymmetric capacitive iris are discussed. After the modal representation of the filed, the modal matching is apply to satisfy the boundary conditions at the discontinuity. And using the modified residue-calculus method, simultaneous infinite equations, which are concerned with the scattered mode coefficients, are derived. Then they are approximated at the thick diaphragm. The solutions obtained take on the form of an infinite product, and a numerical solution based on the method of successive approximations is presented as a technique for concretely determining the reflection coefficients. As confirmation, experiments are also carried out in the X-band and close agreement is shown between the calculated and experimental values.

For the expansion of using the integral equation methods on wave-field analysis, a new method called "Source and Radiation Field Solution" is suggested. This solution uses a couple of integral equations. One of them is the traditional integral expression giving the scattered field from the wave source, another is newly proposed one which expresses the wave source from both of the source and the scattered field, by using the conjugate Green function expression. Therefore this method can derive both of the source and the scattered field at the same time by coupled two equations. For showing the effect of this method, we analyze scattering problems for dielectrics in this paper.

Gray scale images are represented by recurrent neural subnetworks which together with a competition layer create an associative memory. The single recurrent subnetwork Ni implements a stochastic nonlinear fractal operator Fi, constructed for the given image fi. We show that under realstic assumptions F has a unique attractor which is located in the vicinity of the original image. Therefore one subnetwork represents one original image. The associative recall is implemented in two stages. Firstly, the competition layer finds the most invariant subnetwork for the given input noisy image g. Next, the selected recurrent subnetwork in few (5-10) global iterations produces high quality approximation of the original image. The degree of invariance for the subnetwork Ni on the inprt g is measured by a norm ||g-Fi(g)||. We have experimentally verified that associative recall for images of natural scenes with pixel values in [0, 255] is successful even when Gaussian noise has the standard deviation σ as large as 500. Moreover, the norm, computed only on 10% of pixels chosen randomly from images still successfuly recalls a close approximation of original image. Comparing to Amari-Hopfield associative memory, our solution has no spurious states, is less sensitive to noise, and its network complexity is significantly lower. However, for each new stored image a new subnetwork must be added.

We consider a ring of n Rayleigh oscillators coupled hybridly. Using the symmetrical property of the system we demonstrate the degeneracy of the Hopf bifurcation of the equilibrium at the origin. The degeneracy implies the exstence and stability of the n-phase oscillation. We discuss some consequences of the perturbation of the symmetry. Then we study the case n = 3. We show the bifurcation diagram of the equilibria and of hte periodic solutions. Especially, we analyze the mechanism for the symmetry breaking bifurcation of the fully symmetric solution. We report and explain the occurrence of both chaotic attractors and repellors and show two types of symmetry recovering crisis they undergo.

Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis is performed to evaluate the distributions of specific absorption rate (SAR) in a human head during use of a handheld portable telephone. A heterogeneous head model has been assumed which is comprised of 273 108 cubic cells 2.5 mm on a side, with the electrical properties of anatomical equivalents. A handset model has been assumed to be a metal box with either a quarter-wavelength monopole or a half-wavelength dipole operating at 900 MHz or 1.5 GHz. The maximum local SARs in the head are evaluated under various exposure conditions. The dependence of the maximum local SARs on the difference in the structures or parameters of the model, i.e. the distance between the antenna and the head, the heterogeneity of the head, the antenna type, the volume of the smoothing region of the local SAR value, skin electrical constants, and the presence or absence of auricles, are examined. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the head barely affect the maximum local SAR when the telephone is located sufficiently close to the head. It is also shown that the electrical constants of skin which has lower conductivity provide the lower maximum local SAR in the head while the maximum local SAR within the brain is not significantly affected. The auricle which lies in closest proximity to the antenna is shown to have significant effect on the maximum local SAR. It is suggested that the presence of the auricle enhances the maximum local SAR by a factor that is 1.7-2.4 larger than the model without auricles.

In this paper partial response signalling and trellis coded modulation are considered together to improve bandwidth efficiency and error performance for M-QAM and denoted as Modified/Quadrature Partial Response-Trellis Coded Modulation (M/QPR-TCM) and two new non-catastrophic schemes M/6QPR-TCM and M/9QPR-TCM are introduced for 4QAM. In colored noise with correlation coefficient less than zero, the proposed schemes perform better than in AWGN case. Another interesting result is that when the combined system is used on a Rician fading channel, the bit error probability upper bounds of the proposed systems are better than their counterparts the 4QAM-TCM systems with 2 and 4 states, respectively, for SNR values greater than a threshold, which have the best error performance in the literature.

In this paper, scattering problem of the grating coupler is analyzed by the mode-matching method in the sense of least squares for the gaussian light beam incidence. This coupler has a periodic groove structure of finite extent, which is formed on the surface of the core layer of the symmetric thin-film waveguide. In the present method, the approximate scattered fields of each region of the grating coupler are described by the superpositions of the plane waves with band-limited spectra, respectively. These approximate wave functions are determined by the minimization of the mean-square boundary residual. This method results in the simultaneous Fredholm type integral equations of the second kind for these spectra. The first and second order approximate solutions of the integral equations are derived analytically and the coupling efficiency and scattered fields are analyzed on the basis of those solutions. A qualitative and physical consideration for the scattering problem of the grating coupler is presented with the fundamental data derived from approximate solutions in this paper.

There has been an increasing interest in multiple scattering phenomena in recent years. This is primarily due to the discovery of new multiple scattering phenomena and an increasing awareness that a common thread underlies the work of many researchers in such diverse fields as atmospheric optics, ocean acoustics, radio physics, astrophysics, condensed matter physics, plasma physics, geophysics, bioengineering, etc. In addition, waves in random media is one of the most challenging problems to theoreticians. Thus the field of wave propagation and scattering encompasses the most practical as well as the most theoretical questions. The strong interest in this subject is reflected in the launch of a new journal, Waves in Random Media, by the Institute of Physics, United Kingdom in 1991. This paper reviews some of the most recent developments and discoveries in the field of wave propagation and scattering in turbulence and volume and surface scattering. Included are new discoveries of backscattering enhancement and memory effects which may be applicable to tissue optics, ultrasound imaging, ocean acoustics and geophysical remote sensing. Also indicated are recent developments of numerical Monte-Carlo techniques and experimental studies on this subject.

The Guaranteed Bandwidth Protocol (GBW) is an access scheme being proposed for implementation of connection oriented services in DQDB networks. Connection oriented services are expected to handle both constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR) traffic that have delay and jitter constraints. It has been reported that the GBW protocol can provide guaranteed bandwidth and lower delays compared to the ordinary DQDB protocol. However, the intensity of the jitter introduced by this scheme has not been made clear. This paper compares the jitter results for the GBW scheme to those obtained by a new access method called Modified Guaranteed Bandwidth (MOD_GBW) protocol, which is proposed here. It is shown through simulation that MOD_GBW also provides guaranteed bandwidth and that its delay and jitter characteristics are significantly better than those of the GBW protocol. In the simulation model, the DQDB stations are divided into two groups: 1)Real-Time (RT) stations that generate either CBR or VBR real-time traffic; and 2)Data stations that generate memoryless type of traffic. Data stations operate according to the ordinary DQDB protocol only. The main performance measure adopted here for the real-time traffic is the interdeparture time distribution of consecutive segments from an RT-station. We define the variance of this distribution as jitter. This paper also shows the impact of GBW/MOD_GBW on the performance of the data stations by evaluating their throughput and average bus access delay. Finally, we show that the network performance is weakly related to the number of RT-stations under MOD_GBW, but it depends strongly on the overall loading.

We propose a novel segmentation algorithm which combines an image segmentation method into small regions with chaotic neurodynamics that has already been clarified to be effective for solving some combinatorial optimization problems. The basic algorithm of an image segmentation is the variable-shape-bloch-segmentation (VB) which searches an opti-mal state of the segmentation by moving the vertices of quadran-gular regions. However, since the algorithm for moving vertices is based upon steepest descent dynamics, this segmentation method has a local minimum problem that the algorithm gets stuck at undesirable local minima. In order to treat such a problem of the VB and improve its performance, we introduce chaotic neurodynamics for optimization. The results of our novel method are compared with those of conventional stochastic dynamics for escaping from undesirable local minima. As a result, the better results are obtained with the chaotic neurodynamical image segmentation.

In the paper a new type of Multilayer Perceptron, developed in Quaternion Algebra, is adopted to realize short-time prediction of chaotic time series. The new introduced neural structure, based on MLP and developed in the hypercomplex quaternion algebra (HMLP) allows accurate results with a decreased network complexity with respect to the real MLP. The short term prediction of various chaotic circuits and systems has been performed, with particular emphasys to the Chua's circuit, the Saito's circuit with hyperchaotic behaviour and the Lorenz system. The accuracy of the prediction is evaluated through a correlation index between the actual predicted terms of the time series. A comparison of the performance obtained with both the real MLP and the hypercomplex one is also reported.