To evaluate whether electromagnetic disturbances that leak from PC displays contain information or not, we need to reconstruct the information from the measured disturbance. This requires a special receiver, and not all test houses have a special receiver. In this paper, we propose performing the evaluation with the spectrum analyzers commonly used for EMI measurement. First, we select a spectrum that containing the frequency component of the vertical sync signal using a spectrum analyzer (SA1). Then, we measure the video output of SA1 using another spectrum analyzer (SA2) and evaluate the disturbance from the frequency component of the horizontal sync signal.

The performance of a force feedback system is disturbed by delay that arises from the time required for transmission and processing of data. We used a psychophysical method to measure how much a user's subjective impression of elasticity associated with delays of feedback force deviated from the original physical elasticity. The results show that users' point of subjective equality (PSE) for their subjective impression of elasticity decreased as the delay of feedback force increased. We proposed a model that estimates the PSE of elasticity from the variables that can be physically measured. Another experiment was conducted to examine the model's prediction, which the results supported.

We developed an olfactory display to blend 8 component odors at any composition. The solenoid valves controlled by an algorithm with delta sigma modulation showed the sufficient capability. Then, we developed a system for presenting a movie together with scents. We actually made a movie with scents and evaluated it using questionnaire survey. It was found that the scene with smell attracted the experimental subjects' attention and, moreover, the contrast of the pleasant smell with the offensive one emphasized their attention. Furthermore, we established several guidelines for producing movies with scents.

To give comprehensive and consecutive understanding about load line regulation in the previous companion paper [1], more generalized expansion and theoretical derivation will be proposed in this paper. The paper provides an alternative current control approach to control the bias voltage compensation for full-color LED display based on the load-line approach. Modeling and formulation of the driver circuit system will be discussed in detail. Bias voltage compensation based on three load-lines regulation will keep the operating point fixed for the three color cells. Many properties can be observed based on the proposed model. Parasite effect such as the stray resistor and the stray capacitor will be considered in this paper. The associated standard RGB color testing for color cells and white color testing will be illustrated to verify the proposed compensation for the display driver circuit. The objectives of the luminance uniformity and the gray scale control can be achieved by using circuit approach. It is believed that this paper will be helpful to the driver circuit technology for the full-color LED display.

A high-speed drive technique is introduced in which addressing is done by eliminating, instead of accumulating, the wall charges. In the proposed scheme, wall charges are accumulated in all the cells in advance, and then the address discharges take place in selected cells to eliminate the wall charges. Sustain discharges are generated in these cells. In order to realize the proposed address scheme, re-designing of a setup waveforms was necessary. The data pulse of 1.33 µs wide and 84 V was realized in a Ne+10%Xe PDP. A contrast of 3,600:1 was obtained by providing one setup period in a TV field.

A 3 dimensional (3D) error diffusion method based on edge detection for flat panel display (FPD) is presented. The new method diffuses errors to the neighbor pixels in current frame and the neighbor pixel in the next frame. And the weights of error filters are dynamically adjusted based on the results of edge detection in each pixel's processing, which makes the weights coincide with the local edge feathers of input image. The proposed method can reduce worm artifacts and improve reproduction precision of image details.

This letter proposes an efficient method to find the optimum subfield code, which minimizes the visual artifacts on the motion pictures of the plasma display panel (PDP). Existing codes were constructed to reduce dynamic false contour (DFC) only, and they are fixed codes used for every image. In contrast, the proposed method aims to minimize the total artifacts by DFC and halftone noise (HN), and it finds the best code for a given image, dynamically. First, this letter presents the novel models to estimate the effect of DFC and HN for given codewords and a given image. Then, it presents an efficient method that finds the optimum code for a given image using the well-known shortest-path algorithm. Experimental results, using 459 HDTV images, illustrated that the proposed approach improved the average PSNR by 0.713 dB and 7.004 dB in DFC and HN, respectively, when compared with Gravity Centre Code [1].

We have developed a stereoscopic large LED display with parallax barrier for use by the general public and stereoscopic cameras to show real world images in 3D. This paper aims to analyze stereoscopic camera separation and convergence angle to make the most use of a field of interest and the reproducible space provided by the large stereoscopic LED display. We describe the principle of a stereoscopic LED display with a parallax barrier and its reproducible space that is determined by the allowable range of disparity to fuse stereoscopic images. By using a model of stereoscopic imaging and display process, we introduce the formulas of the reproduced positions on our developed stereoscopic LED display. Furthermore, we analyze relationships between the stereoscopic camera separation, the convergence angle, the area of a field of interest, and the depth range of the reproduced space. The results show there are four categories in camera configurations: there are three kinds of camera configurations that have different characteristics and one configuration that is not recommended. Category A configuration reproduces a wide area of the field of interest in a long range of depth. Category B functions as a reduction of the field of interest. Category C functions as a magnification of the field of interest. In Category D, a narrow area of the field is reproduced in a short range of depth. In particular, for use by stereoscopic LED display with a rather low resolution, Category A and Category C are recommended because they fully use the reproducible positions.

Bi-stable displays form the foundation of a novel and attractive LCD technology. From now on, images can be maintained on the LCD after driving voltages have been withdrawn from the electrodes. In low frame-rate applications such as e-books, e-labels, smartcards etc., this offers a major improvement in power consumption and battery life. However, bi-stable displays require high driving voltages and complex waveforms. Furthermore, the nature of some applications doesn't allow the use of relatively large passive components. This rules out more traditional approaches for high-voltage generation with external coils or capacitors. This paper describes the design of completely integrated and programmable high-voltage generators capable of generating output voltages up to 50 V out of a 3 V supply voltage. Features like 8-bit output voltage programmability and stabilisation were implemented to make this type of high-voltage generator suitable for bi-stable display drivers. Design aspects and simulation results are discussed, as well as measurements on prototype generators implemented in the 0.7 µm 100 V I2T100 technology from AMI Semiconductor.

We clarify the effective range of distance between the front and rear images of the depth-fused 3-D (DFD) visual illusion. The DFD visual illusion is perceived when two images with many edges in the front and rear frontal-parallel planes at different depths are overlapped from the viewpoint of an observer. We evaluated how the fusion of the DFD visual illusion depended on the difference in distance between the front and rear images when the distance between the two images was changed. Subjective tests clarified the cases where DFD can be applied.

Multi-projector technology has been under consideration in recent years. This technology allows the generation of wide field of view and high-resolution images in a cost-effective manner. It is expected to be applied extensively to training simulators where vivid immersive sensations and precision are required. However, in many systems the viewing frustums cannot be automatically assigned for distributed rendering, and the required manual setup is complicated and difficult. This is because the camera should be coincide exactly with a desired eye point to avoid perspective distortions. For the actual applications, the camera is seldom able to be set up at the desired eye point because of physical constraints, e.g., a narrow cockpit with many instruments. To resolve this issue, we have developed a "virtual camera method" that yields high-precision calibration regardless of the camera position. This method takes advantage of the quadratic nature of the display surface. We developed a practical real-time multi-projector display system for applications such as training simulators, that require high-accuracy in geometry and rapid response time.

The "Proactive Desk" is a new human-machine interface for the desktop operations of computers. It provides users with tactile sensation in addition to visual sensation. Two linear induction motors underneath the desk generate a two-dimensional force to move objects and control their positions on the desktop using feedback control, and users feel tactile sensation while handling those objects. In this paper, we examined the effects of adding haptic information to simple mouse operation using the Proactive Desk. In our experiment, we used a button-type visual stimulus with and without haptic information. When using haptic conditions, three types of force feedback pattern were displayed: "Edge," "Resistance to motion" and "Attractive force," and each had three force strength conditions: no, half and full. The subject was asked to push buttons twenty times as the buttons were shown one after the other on the desk as quickly as possible. Consequently, the reaction times for pushing the button for all haptic conditions, except for the half-force condition of "Attractive force," were significantly faster than no-force (without haptic information) condition. This result shows that the haptic information was advantageous for easy operation.

A new dual-slope ramp (DSR) reset waveform is proposed to improve the dark room contrast ratio in AC-PDPs. The proposed reset waveform has two different voltage slopes during a ramp-up period. The first voltage slope lower than the conventional ramp voltage slope plays a role in producing the priming particles under the low background luminance, which is considered to be a kind of pre-reset discharge. On the other hand, the second voltage slope higher than the conventional ramp voltage slope produces a stable reset discharge due to the presence of the priming particles, but gives rise to a slight increase in the background luminance. Thus, a bias voltage is also applied during a part of the second voltage-slope period to adjust the background luminance and address discharge characteristics. As a result, the proposed dual-slope reset waveform can lower the background luminance without causing the discharge instability, thereby improving the high dark room contrast ratio of an AC-PDP without reducing the address voltage margin.

To understand the brightness uniformity for the driver of the LED array display, automatic electronic measurement equipment and its testing scheme will be proposed in this paper. The driving performance and dynamic characteristics will be investigated by using the proposed current-based bias voltage regulator. A complete testing procedure will be provided to assess the performance for the LED array display driver.

This paper proposes a backlight module which drives multiple cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) with a current mirror technique to equalize the driving current for each lamp. We first adopt a half-bridge parallel-resonant inverter as the main circuit and use a single-input, multiple-output transformer to drive the multi-CCFLs. Next, we introduce current-mirror circuits to create a new current-sharing circuit, in which its current reference node and the parallel-connected multi-load nodes are used to accurately equalize all CCFLs' driving current. This will balance each lamp's brightness and, consequently, improve the picture display quality of the related liquid crystal display (LCD). This paper details the design concept for each component value with the assistance of an actual design example. The results of the example are examined with its actual measurements, which consequently verify the correctness of the proposed control strategy.

We are developing a simple three-dimensional (3-D) display method that uses only two transparent images using luminance division displays without any extra equipment. This method can be applied to not only electronic displays but also the printed sheets. The method utilizes a 3-D visual illusion in which two ordinary images with many edges can be perceived as an apparent 3-D image with continuous depth between the two image planes, when two identical images are overlapped from the midpoint of the observer's eyes and their optical-density ratio is changed according to the desired image depths. We can use transparent printed sheets or transparent liquid crystal displays to display two overlapping transparent images using this 3-D display method. Subjective test results show that the perceived depths changed continuously as the optical-density ratio changed. Deviations of the perceived depths from the average for each observer were sufficiently small. The depths perceived by all six observers coincided well.

Liquid-crystal devices with in-plane switching electrodes (IPS-LCD) are superior to twisted nematic ones in their wider range of viewing angle, but show serious color shift with viewing angle. The color shift is a phenomenon governed by the three-dimensional orientation of liquid-crystal molecules. In order to evaluate such effects numerically, light wave propagation in the IPS-LCD is studied using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method, where all six components of electromagnetic field are analysed and the three-dimensional properties of liquid-crystal materials are taken into account through the dielectric tensor. The computational space termination is provided by a combination of the uniaxial perfectly matched layer and periodic boundary conditions. It is found for the first time numerically that the color shift effects strongly depend on the asymmetrical profile of liquid-crystal orientation, which is originated from the small pretilt angle.

Our goal is to realize an extra-large stereoscopic display in the open air for use by the general public. We have developed a stereoscopic large display by use of a full-color LED panel. Although the developed display enables viewers to view the stereoscopic images without any special glasses, it is necessary for the viewers to move to stand within the viewing areas. Movements of the viewers are considered to depend on arrangements of viewing areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the movements of viewers who watch different designs of stereoscopic LED displays with a parallax barrier, including conventional designs to provide multiple perspective images and designs to eliminate pseudoscopic viewing areas, and evaluate the performance of different viewing areas based on the obtained paths of the viewers. We have developed a real-time measurement system of a viewer's position by use of a camera on the ceiling. We have recorded the viewing movements caused by the shift of viewing areas. It was found that the viewers moved to stand on orthoscopic viewing positions. The movements of viewers who move to find a viewing area have been recorded with different designs of stereoscopic LED displays that provide different viewing areas. We have calculated the lateral moving time of the viewers'movements. It is shown that the elimination of pseudoscopic viewing areas reduces the lateral moving time. Thus, the real-time measurement system of a viewer's position has been utilized for evaluation of performance of the different designs of stereoscopic LED displays.

There has recently been considerable interest in research on wearable non-grounded force display. However, there have been no developments for the communication of nonverbal information (ex. tennis and golf swing). We propose a small and lightweight wearable force display to present motion timing and direction. The display outputs a torque using rotational moment and mechanical brakes. We explain the principle of this device, and describe an actual measurement of the torque and torque sensitivity experiments.

We compared two edge-blending methods for multi-projection displays, elliptic and rectangular blending, by simulating three common situations: (1) an inaccurately estimated calibration parameter, (2) a worn projector lamp, and (3) a shifted viewpoint. We used a two-level-of-detail display including a high-gain rear-projection screen in the simulation to demonstrate an extreme case. The comparisons showed how strongly inaccurate elements affect a composite besides affecting the appearance itself. A subjective assessment was also carried out to obtain the evaluations of actual users. The simulation results showed that in many cases elliptic blending is more effective than rectangular blending.