Antennas for Japanese terrestrial microwave relay links have been developed since the1950's and put into commercial use up to now in Japan. In particular, the path-length lens antennas developed in 1953 represents a monumental achievement for terrestrial microwave relay links, and the offset antenna for 256 QAM radio relay links developed in 1989 has the best electrical performance in the world. This paper reviews the antennas for Japanese terrestrial microwave relay links that have historical significance and describes the antenna design technologies developed in Japan.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a pressing problem on the Internet as demonstrated by recent attacks on major e-commerce servers and ISPs. Since the attack is highly distributed, an effective solution must be formulated with a distributed approach. Recently, some solutions, in which intermediate network nodes filter or shape congested traffic, have been proposed. These solutions may decrease the congested traffic, but they still cause "collateral victims problem," that is, legitimate packets may be discarded mistakenly. In this paper, we propose Active Countermeasure Platform to minimize traffic congestion and to address the collateral victim problem using the Active Networks paradigm, which incorporates programmability into intermediate network nodes. Our platform can prevent overloading of the target and consuming the network bandwidth of both the backbone and the protected site autonomously. In addition, it can improve the collateral victim problem based on user policy. This paper shows the concept of our platform, system design and evaluation of the effectiveness using a prototype.

This paper presents data coding techniques for a stable single-bit noise-shaping quantizer, which has a cascade structure of a multi-bit ΣΔ modulator and a binary interpolator. The binary interpolator chooses a pre-optimized binary vector for each input sample and successively generates the chosen binary vector as an output bit stream. The binary vectors can have different lengths. The paper also proposes two methods to evaluate and bound output errors of a binary interpolator. A multi-bit ΣΔ modulator is designed to cause no overload for all possible input signals whose amplitudes are bounded to a specified level, and thus the ΣΔ modulator rigorously guarantees the stability condition. In design examples, we have evaluated Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratios (SNDRs) and noise spectra and then confirmed that our stable quantizers can sharply shape output noise spectra.

The reverse link bandwidth efficiency of a spectrally overlapped CDMA system with fast transmit power control is evaluated to find the optimum overlapping, where the bandwidth efficiency is defined as the maximum aggregate bit rate of all subsystems per unit bandwidth (bps/Hz). Single and multiple cell environments are considered. Besides the rectangular chip pulse, the impact of a pulse-shaping filter is discussed. It is found that the raised cosine spectrum pulse shaping helps to increase the bandwidth efficiency and strict pulse shaping filter problem can be avoided if a large number of subsystems are overlapped. It is also found that the optimum carrier spacing remains unchanged irrespective of the power delay profile shape of the multipath channel, whether multipath fading exists or not, and whether a single cell or multiple cell system is considered. However, the bandwidth efficiency strongly depends on them and the impacts of the related parameters are discussed.

This paper proposes two novel Multi-bit Delta-Sigma Modulator (Δ Σ M) architectures based on a Dual-Quantization architecture. By using multi-bit quantization with single-bit feedback, Both eliminate the need for a multi-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the feedback loop. The first is a Digital quantization-Error Canceling Multi-bit (DECM)-Δ Σ M architecture that is able to achieve high resolution at a low oversampling ratio (OSR) because, by adjusting the coefficients of both analog and digital circuits, it is able to cancel completely the quantization error injected into the single-bit quantizer. Simulation results show that a signal-to-quantization-noise ratio of 90 dB is obtained with 3rd order 5-bit quantization DECM-Δ Σ M at an OSR of 32. The second architecture, an analog-to-digital mixed (ADM)-Δ Σ M architecture, uses digital integrators in place of the analog integrator circuits used in the Δ Σ M. This architecture reduces both die area and power dissipation. We estimate that a (2+2)-th order ADM-Δ Σ M with two analog-integrators and two digital-integrators will reduce the area of a 4-th order Δ Σ M by 15%.

This paper presents the design and simulation of a power efficient 1:4 interpolation FIR filter with partitioned look Up Table (LUT) structure. Using the symmetry of the filter coefficients and the contents of the LUT, the area of the proposed filter is minimized. The two filters share the partitioned LUT and activate the LUT selectively to realize the low power operation. Experimental results suggest that the proposed filter reduces the power consumption by 25% and simultaneously reduces the gate area by 7% compared to the previously proposed single-architecture dual-channel filter.

A large number of techniques have been proposed for acceleration of the Hough Transform, because the transformation is computationally very expensive in general. It is known that the sampling interval in parameter space is strongly related to the computation cost. The precision of the transformation and the processing speed are in a trade-off relationship. No fair comparison of the processing speed between various methods was performed in all previous works, because no criterion had been given for the sampling interval of parameter, and because the precision of parameter was not equal between methods. At the beginning of our research, we derive the relationship between the sampling interval and the precision of parameter. Then we derive a framework for comparing computation cost under equal condition for precision of parameter, regarding the total number of sampling points of a parameter as the computation cost. We define the transformation error in the Hough Transform, and the error is regarded as transformation noise. In this paper we also propose a design method called "Noise-level Shaping," by which we can set the transformation noise to an arbitrarily level. The level of the noise is varied according to the value of a parameter. Noise-level Shaping makes it possible for us to find the efficient parameterization and to find the efficient sampling interval in a specific application of the Hough Transform.

We propose and describe a new configuration for splitting and combining operations of high-speed amplitude-modulated optical signals between the two interacting beams by using two-wave mixing in photorefractive Cu-doped (K0.5 Na0.5)0.2 (Sr0.61 Ba0.39)0.9 Nb2O6 (Cu-KNSBN) crystal. These operations are simultaneously achieved by changing the intensity ratio of the two incident beams. We also apply this scheme to a photorefractive pulse shaping in the time domain that consists of two amplitude-modulated beams that are coupled automatically through two-beam interactions in the crystal. Some preliminary experimental results are presented and discussed.

In this paper, we show the effectiveness of software shaping through evaluation of our extensions to the internet transport protocols, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). These extensions are aimed at efficient realization of bulk data transfer and continuous media communication. The extensions are to be used with resource reservation, a possible and promising approach to resolve transport issues that the current TCP/IP networks cannot support. Although it seems straightforward to utilize dedicated bandwidth set up via resource reservation, filling up the reserved pipe is not so trivial. Performance analysis shows that, by applying the traffic shaping extensions, not only is the reserved pipe easily filled up, but the timely data delivery required by continuous media communication is also provided. Our experiments with a real system also show that overheads introduced by the new extensions are small enough to permit their practical use. The extensions are implemented in the UNIX system kernel.

We examine the effectiveness of shaping and policing mechanisms in reducing the inherent variability of fractal traffic, with the objective of increasing network operating points. Whether a shaper simply spaces a flow or allows small bursts according to a leaky bucket, we show using analytical arguments that, i) the Hurst parameter, which describes the asymptotic variability of the traffic, is unaffected; and ii) while the traffic can be made smoother over time scales smaller than one corresponding to the shapers buffer size, fluctuations over longer time scales cannot be appreciably altered. We further show that if shaping is used to reduce buffer size requirements at a network bottleneck, any savings here are offset by the increased buffer requirements at the shapers. Perhaps the most significant deficiency of shaping identified here is that it is necessary to model individual streams to a level of accuracy that is not feasible in practice. In contrast, statistical multiplexing can achieve reasonable network efficiencies by only requiring characterizations of aggregate traffic.

This paper presents analysis of a congestion control scheme in which a multiplexer notifies upstream traffic sources when its buffer level crosses a preset threshold. Upon notification, the traffic streams are reshaped to a form less likely to cause overflow through rate or burstiness restrictions, or a combination of the two. For the analysis, the traffic is modeled by two Markov Modulated Rate Processes (MMRP's), one for above and one for below the threshold, and an iterative fluid approximation technique is used to determine the buffer occupancy distribution. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the approach, and the analysis is used to study the effect of varying the threshold and shaping function.

A new simple cell spacing architecture that guarantees the peak cell interval and realizes preferential contention resolution is proposed. Scheduling the cell emission on departure of the previous cell, not arrival, allows the source peak cell interval to be regenerated without clumping. Priority control is also realized in the proposed spacer. A connection is scheduled either at the head or tail of the contention chain depending on its priority. The proposed method is applied to realize the UPC function. The proposed cell spacer eliminates the clumping effects of CDV completely and achieves high bandwidth efficiency.

For designing the underwater transmission system using directly projected audible sound by underwater loudspeaker to prevent a diving accident and/or to give a working instrucion, it is important to estimate the transmission loss for a wall not onl for pure tones but also for wideband signal such as voice and noise. In this paper, two practical methods of evaluating the underwater insulation effect for a single wall are discussed. One is a reconfirmation that the mass law which is frequently used in air still explains the transmission loss in water. Because parameters such as surface density and sound velocity in the mass law are widely changeable depending on the depth in water, much complexity is involved in preparing a theoretical curve for every parameter. So to avoid such complexity, a unified parameter Φ(=ωm cos θ/2ρc) is introduced to describe the mass law. This newly presented curve as a function of Φ is in good agreement with all rearranged experimental data for every kind of plates. The other is a proposition of new evaluating method of insulation effect of a wall for a wideband signal, using an idea of (100-α) percentage point of the noise level probability destribution, Lα. Firstly proposed method is confirmed experimentally and secondly proposed method is confirmed by a simulation experiment.

We describe low supply voltage analog circuit techniques for voice- and audio-band interfaces. These techniques can lower the supply voltage to 1 V, which is the voltage of a one-NiCd-cell battery. We have applied them in a swingsuppression noise-shaping method, and using this method, have fabricated A/D and D/A converters for the voice and audio bands. These converters operate with a 1 V power supply and have 13-bit and 17-bit accuracy in the audio-band and power consumption of about 1 mW. This performance proves that our techniques are sufficient for baseband analog interfaces.

This letter proposes a new shaping algorithm (CRSA: CDV Reduction Shaping Algorithm) that can freely reduce the maximum CDV value of a cell stream to any predetermined value. There is a trade off between shaping delay and the maximum CDV value reduction achieved when using CRSA. The shaper using CRSA (CR-shaper) output satisfies the Peak Cell Rate Reference Algorithm set with the CR-shaper parameters.

This paper describes an oversampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) suitable for PCM codes. Non-linear 5-level quantizer is implemented to noise-shaping modulator. This ADC meets the specifications of ITU-T G.712, in spite of using first order delta-sigma modulator, and realizes low power operation. This chip is fabricated in 0.8 µm double-poly and double-metal CMOS process and occupies a chip area of 15 mm2. Maximum power consumption is 12.8 mW with a single +3 V power supply including DAC and TONE generator.

A multi-dimensional shaping scheme based on multi-level Maximum Average Weight (MAW)-codes is presented. One can reduce the average energy of transmitted signal, by using low energy signal points more frequently than high energy ones. The proposed scheme employs a multi-dimensional region of 2,4,6 and 8 dimensions; these regions are selected using a multi-level MAW-code. A multi-level MAW-code is a q-ary code and has unequal probability of the occurrence of a symbol. The scheme can achieve a shaping gain of 0.6-1.0 dB with small constellation expansion ratio and peak to average energy ratio. This scheme is based on a two-level table look up algorithm. Therefore, the less complexity of encoding/decoding can be realized.

This letter proposes a VP-shaper for ATM networks that controls the VC-level cell clumping. The new shaper is compared with a conventional shaper and is found to significantly increase CAC (Call Admission Control) efficiency and achieve high VP utilization gain. Hardware implementation based on a shared buffer and chained lists is presented and its feasibility is shown.

This paper presents a heuristic floorplanning method that improves the method proposed by Vijayan and Tsay. It is based on tentative insertion of constraints, that intentionally produces redundant constraints to make it possible to search in a wide range of solution space. The proposed method can reduce the total area of blocks with the removal and insertion of constraints on the critical path in both horizontal and vertical constraint graphs. Experimental results for MCNC benchmarks showed that the quality of solutions of the proposed method is better than [7],[8] by about 15% on average, and even for the large number of blocks, the proposed method keeps the high quality of solutions.

A multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) A/D converter combining an RC-integrator and a digital correction technique for high accuracy is described. Using 1.2-µm BiCMOS technology, we developed an A/D converter for digital audio with an S/N ratio of over 100 dB. This paper discusses the principles of MASH technology with an RC-integrator, the technique for correcting RC variation, and the experimental results obtained with a fabricated chip.