In elevator-group control, the average number of running cars should be finely adjusted by the dynamically controlling the number of running cars (DCNRC). Traffic demand in an office building varies throughout the day. In this paper, we propose a new energy-saving method for elevator-group control that adjusts the number of running cars according to the traffic demand, simulate the proposed energy-saving method under nearly real traffic demand conditions of an office building, and reduce the daily energy consumption to the target level after several days.

A multicode transmission (MC) system can transmit multiple data streams at one time. However, the amplitude of the transmission signal has sharp fluctuations. To avoid this problem, constant amplitude (CA) signaling schemes were studied, and some MC systems were developed such as the MC system with CA signaling (MC-CA) and the parallel combinatory MC system with CA signaling (PCMC-CA). In this paper, extension systems of PCMC-CA system are developed. In particular, two demodulation methods are discussed for the extension systems. Then, the bit error rate (BER) and data transmission rate are theoretically analyzed. The results shows that the extension systems has a better performance than the MC-CA system in both of the BER and data transmission rate.

A transmission ellipsometric method without an aperture was recently developed to characterize the electro-optic (EO) performance of EO polymers. The method permits much simpler optical setup compared to the reflection method, and allows easy performance of the incident angle dependence measurements using a conventional glass substrate and uncollimated beam. This paper shows the usefulness of this method for a simple and reliable evaluation of the EO coefficient both for organic and inorganic EO materials, as well as analysis for uniaxial anisotropic materials.

As one of optical wireless Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, there is Flip-OFDM, which separates an OFDM signal into positive and negative parts and transmits them. It has good power efficiency and low hardware complexity. However, the system halves transmission efficiency compared with Direct Current-biased Optical OFDM. In this paper, Circular Polarized Optical OFDM (CPO-OFDM) is presented. This system separates OFDM signals into positive and negative parts, and it converts these signals into left-handed and right-handed polarization, and it multiplexes these signals. CPO-OFDM is analyzed with an intensity modulation/direct detection channel model which considers the change of the state of polarization owing to free space propagation. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that CPO-OFDM is a flexible system like the conventional systems by using circular polarization and it has the equivalent bit error rate (BER) and the double transmission efficiency compared with Flip-OFDM. The IM/DD channel model which considers the degree of polarization (DOP) is also shown. As for the DOP, it improves by the increase of the propagation distance. Thus, we can achieve the equivalent BER obtained with a high DOP laser even if we use a low DOP laser.

An all-digital time-domain ADC, abbreviated as TAD, is presented in this paper. All-digital structure is intrinsically compatible with the scaling of CMOS technology, and can satisfy the great demand of miniaturized and low-voltage sensor interface. The proposed TAD uses an inverter-based Ring-Delay-Line (RDL) to transform the input signal from voltage domain to time domain. The voltage-modulated time information is then digitized by a composite architecture namely “4-Clock-Edge-Shift Construction” (4CKES). TAD features superior voltage sensitivity and 1st-order noise shaping, which can significantly simplify the power-hungry pre-conditioning circuits. Reconfigurable resolution can be easily achieved by applying different sampling rates. A TAD prototype is fabricated in 65nm CMOS, and consumes a small area of 0.016mm2. It achieves a voltage resolution of 82.7µV/LSB at 10MS/s and 1.96µV/LSB at 200kS/s in a narrow input range of 0.1Vpp, merely under 0.6V supply. The highest SNR of TAD prototype is 61.36dB in 20kHz bandwidth at 10MS/s. This paper also analyzes the nonideal effects of TAD and discusses the potential solutions. As the principal drawback, nonlinearity of TAD can be compensated by the differential-setup and digital calibration.

The numerical dispersibility measurement system was fabricated based on optical transparency to objectively evaluate undetectable dispersibility by naked eyes. The small deference of dispersibility and the dispersibility behaviors were simultaneously elucidated by the system. The abundance of octadecyl groups was also discussed from the result of dispersibility behaviors. The objective numerical evaluation is needed for precise analysis of dispersibility with respect to graphene, graphene derivatives and graphene related materials.

In this paper, resource-efficient multiple description coding (MDC) multicast is investigated in cognitive radio networks with the consideration of imperfect spectrum sensing and imperfect channel feedback. Our objective is to maximize the system goodput, which is defined as the total successfully received data rate of all multicast users, while guaranteeing the maximum transmit power budget and the maximum average received interference constraint. Owing to the uncertainty of the spectrum state and the non-closed-form expression of the objective function, it is difficult to solve the problem directly. To circumvent this problem, a pretreatment is performed, in which we first estimate the real spectrum state of primary users and then propose a Gaussian approximation for the probability density functions of transmission channel gains to simplify the computation of the objective function. Thereafter, a two-stage resource allocation algorithm is presented to accomplish the subcarrier assignment, the optimal transmit channel gain to interference plus noise ratio (T-CINR) setting, and the transmit power allocation separately. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is able to offset more than 80% of the performance loss caused by imperfect channel feedback when the feedback error is not high, while keeping the average interference on primary users below the prescribed threshold.

For low-density parity-check codes, spatial coupling was proved to boost the performance of iterative decoding up to the optimal performance. As an application of spatial coupling, in this paper, bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) with spatially coupled (SC) interleaving — called SC-BICM — is considered to improve the performance of iterative channel estimation and decoding for block-fading channels. In the iterative receiver, feedback from the soft-in soft-out decoder is utilized to refine the initial channel estimates in linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) channel estimation. Density evolution in the infinite-code-length limit implies that the SC-BICM allows the receiver to attain accurate channel estimates even when the pilot overhead for training is negligibly small. Furthermore, numerical simulations show that the SC-BICM can provide a steeper reduction in bit error rate than conventional BICM, as well as a significant improvement in the so-called waterfall performance for high rate systems.

A processing system with multiple field programmable gate array (FPGA) cards is described. Each FPGA card can interconnect using six I/O (up, down, left, right, front, and back) terminals. The communication network among FPGAs is scalable according to user design. When the system operates multi-dimensional applications, transmission efficiency among FPGA improved through user-adjusted dimensionality and network topologies for different applications. We provide a fast and flexible circuit configuration method for FPGAs of a multi-dimensional FPGA array. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we assess performance and power consumption of a circuit that calculated 3D Poisson equations using the finite difference method.

In this paper, we propose a controlled retransmission scheme in optical burst switching (OBS) networks. Different from previous works in the literature, we set a different value to retransmission probability at each contention and propose a retransmission analytical model for burst segmentation contention resolution scheme. In addition, we consider the effect of relevance in traffic come from multiple paths. We take into account the load at each link (include the given links and the other correlated links taking traffic) due to both the fresh and the retransmitted traffic and calculate the path blocking probability and the byte loss probability (ByLP) in cases of without and with full- wavelength conversion to evaluate the network performance. An extensive simulation is proposed to validate our analytical model, and results have shown that both path blocking probability and ByLP are affected by the load and the retransmission probability in each contention along a path and the correlated traffic carried links on the path.

Polyimide thin films were prepared by vapor-deposition polymerization. Naphthalene carboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) was coevaporated with either diamino naphthalene (DAN) or diamino benzophenone (DAB). Coevaporation of dianhydride and diamines yielded thin films of polyamic acids. A polyimide thin film was obtained by annealing the codeposited film of NTCDA-DAB. On the other hand, the codeposited film of NTCDA-DAN was not imidized by annealing. In both cases, chemical structures of the products were not largely influenced by the molar ratio of depositing monomers if sufficient amount of diamine molecules are supplied in the coevaporation process.

We report a real time method to monitor the chemical reaction in microdroplets, which contain an organic dye, 5(6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein and a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot using fluorescence spectra. Especially, the relationship between the droplet size and the reaction rate of the two reagents was investigated by changing an injection speed.

We have investigated both the film thickness and surface potential of organic semiconductors deposited on two kinds of electrodes by the simultaneous observation with the dynamic force microscopy (DFM)/Kelvin-probe force microscope (KFM). To clarify the interfacial properties of organic semiconductor, we fabricated samples that imitated the organic light emitting diode (OLED) structure by depositing bis [$N,N '$-(1-naphthyl)-$N,N '$-phenyl] benzidine ($alpha$-NPD) and tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq$_{3}$), respectively, on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) as anode and aluminum (Al) as cathode by the vacuum evaporation deposition using intersecting metal shadow masks. This deposition technique enables us to fabricate four different areas in the same substrate. The crossover area of the deposited thin films were measured by the DFM/KFM, the energy band diagrams were depicted and we considered that the charge behavior of the organic semiconductor depended on the material and the structure.

In this letter, we propose a new intra-field deinterlacing algorithm based on an edge dependent weighted filter (EDWF). The proposed algorithm consists of three steps: 1) calculating the gradients of three directions (45°, 90°, and 135°) in the local working window; 2) achieving the weights of the neighboring pixels by exploiting the edge information in the pixel gradients; 3) interpolating the missing pixel using the proposed EDWF interpolator. Compared with existing deinterlacing methods on different images and video sequences, the proposed algorithm improves the peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) while achieving better subjective quality.

The combination of a halogen-free solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and unmodified fullerene potentially provides a way to develop environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solution-processed organic photocells. In this paper, the thermal annealing effect on the optical absorption spectra in poly(3-hexylthiophene):unmodified-C$_{60}$ composites with various compositions is reported. It is found that the onset temperature of the absorption spectrum change is higher in the composites with higher fullerene content. It is speculated that strong interaction between the polymer main chain and C$_{60}$ tends to suppress the reorientation of polymer main chains in a composite with high C$_{60}$ content.

In recent years, there has been a significant growth in the importance of data mining of graph-structured data due to this technology's rapid increase in both scale and application areas. Many previous studies have investigated decision tree learning on Semantic Web-based linked data to uncover implicit knowledge. In the present paper, we suggest a new random forest algorithm for linked data to overcome the underlying limitations of the decision tree algorithm, such as local optimal decisions and generalization error. Moreover, we designed a parallel processing environment for random forest learning to manage large-size linked data and increase the efficiency of multiple tree generation. For this purpose, we modified the previous candidate feature searching method of the decision tree algorithm for linked data to reduce the feature searching space of random forest learning and developed feature selection methods that are adjusted to linked data. Using a distributed index-based search engine, we designed a parallel random forest learning system for linked data to generate random forests in parallel. Our proposed system enables users to simultaneously generate multiple decision trees from distributed stored linked data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we performed experiments to compare the classification accuracy when using the single decision tree algorithm. The experimental results revealed that our random forest algorithm is more accurate than the single decision tree algorithm.

Most existing deterministic multithreading systems are costly on pipeline parallel programs due to load imbalance. In this letter, we propose a Load-Balanced Deterministic Runtime (LBDR) for pipeline parallelism. LBDR deterministically takes some tokens from non-synchronization-intensive threads to synchronization-intensive threads. Experimental results show that LBDR outperforms the state-of-the-art design by an average of 22.5%.

In this paper, we propose a secondary user (SU) resource assignment algorithm for a multi-hop (MH) cognitive radio network to improve the end-to-end throughput. In the MH networks used for spectrum sharing, each SU needs to improve the throughput by taking the primary user (PU) protection into account. For overcoming this problem, we estimate the PU acceptable received power, which is determined by the acknowledgment packet (ACK) power from the PU receiver at each SU. With this estimation, we propose an SU optimal transmit power control algorithm to not only maximize the end-to-end throughput of the SU MH flow but also maintain the considered PU acceptable interference power. In this study, a distributed joint allocation algorithm has been used to solve the optimization problem and to effectively allocate the power of each SU.

Social recommendation systems that make use of the user's social information have recently attracted considerable attention. These recommendation approaches partly solve cold-start and data sparsity problems and significantly improve the performance of recommendation systems. The essence of social recommendation methods is to utilize the user's explicit social connections to improve recommendation results. However, this information is not always available in real-world recommender systems. In this paper, a solution to this problem of explicit social information unavailability is proposed. The existing user-item rating matrix is used to compute implicit social information, and then an ISRec (implicit social recommendation algorithm) which integrates this implicit social information and the user-item rating matrix for social recommendation is introduced. Experimental results show that our method performs much better than state-of-the-art approaches; moreover, complexity analysis indicates that our approach can be applied to very large datasets because it scales linearly with respect to the number of observations in the matrices.

Forty Thieves is a solitaire game with two 52-card decks. The object is to move all cards from ten tableau piles of four cards to eight foundations. Each foundation is built up by suit from ace to king of the same suit, and each tableau pile is built down by suit. You may move the top card from any tableau pile to a tableau or foundation pile, and from the stock to a foundation pile. We prove that the generalized version of Forty Thieves is NP-complete.