It is difficult for an adaptive array to reduce interference signals efficiently from received signals when the interference signals and desired signal are closely located. This is a problem for a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) system using the multibeam adaptive array as a multiuser detector. In this paper, we propose a space domain multistage interference canceller (SD-MIC) for the SDMA system. Its performance is evaluated by computer simulations, assuming Japanese personal handy phone system (PHS) uplink environments. The results show remarkable improvement in high spatial correlation situations.

The performance of conventional error concealment (EC) is significantly affected by the method of selecting candidate motion vectors (MVs). In order to obtain more robust EC results, this letter proposes a new and efficient way to choose candidate MVs. The proposed approach systematically utilizes available neighboring MVs by exploiting a well-known spatiotemporal correlation of block MVs. Through extensive simulations with H.263, this letter demonstrates that the proposed candidate MVs provide superior concealed video quality in comparison to the best results of other existing techniques.

This paper reports the field test performance of a base station (BS) equipped with a linear parallel multi-stage interference canceller for uplink of wideband CDMA in a suburban area. The field test was performed with one desired mobile station (MS) moving around the BS, and three fixed interfering MSs having a target SIR 11 dB higher than that of the desired MS. The field test clearly demonstrates that using interference cancellation with a proper suppression factor (or weighting factor), can reduce the transmission power of the desired MS by around 6 dB. This performance was also compared with calculated data and the interference canceller was verified to function as theoretically expected. The receive power capture ratio was estimated at around 96%. This paper therefore establishes that interference cancellation performance of CDMA systems in the field can be found by estimating the receive power capture ratio and the theoretical results of interference cancellation.

In order to increase the link capacity in the wideband direct sequence code division multiple access (W-CDMA) reverse link, employing a parallel-type coherent multi-stage interference canceller (COMSIC) is more practical than employing a serial (successive)-type due to its inherent advantage of a short processing delay, although its interference suppression effect is inferior to that of the serial-type. Therefore, this paper proposes a parallel-type COMSIC with iterative channel estimation (ICE) using both pilot and decision-feedback data symbols at each canceling stage in order to improve the interference suppression effect of the parallel-type COMSIC. Computer simulation results demonstrate that by applying the parallel-type COMSIC with ICE after FEC decoding, the capacity in an isolated cell can be increased by approximately 1.6 (2.5) times that of the conventional parallel-type COMSIC with channel estimation using only pilot symbols (the MF-based Rake receiver) at the required average transmit Eb/N0 of 15 dB, i.e. in the interference-limited channel. The results also show that, although the capacity in the isolated cell with the parallel-type COMSIC with ICE after FEC decoding is degraded by approximately 6% compared to that with the serial-type COMSIC with ICE after FEC decoding, the processing delay can be significantly decreased owing to the simultaneous parallel operation especially when the number of active users is large.

This paper describes a method for classification of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained breast tumor images into benign or malignant using the adaptive searching ability of artificial organisms. Each artificial organism has some attributes, such as, age, internal energy and coordinates. In addition, the artificial organism has a differentiation function for evaluating "malignant" or "benign" tumors and the adaptive behaviors of each artificial organism are evaluated using five kinds of texture features. The texture feature of nuclei regions in normal mammary glands and that of carcinoma regions in malignant tumors are treated as "self" and "non-self," respectively. This model consists of two stages of operations for detecting tumor regions, the learning and searching stages. At the learning stage, the nuclei regions are roughly detected and classified into benign or malignant tumors. At the searching stage, the similarity of each organism's environment is investigated before and after the movement for detecting breast tumor regions precisely. The method developed was applied to 21 cases of test images and the distinction between malignant and benign tumors by the artificial organisms was successful in all cases. The proposed method has the following advantages: the texture feature values for the evaluation of tumor regions at the searching stage are decided automatically during the learning stage in every input image. Evaluation of the environment, whether the target pixel is a malignant tumor or not, is performed based on the angular difference in each texture feature. Therefore, this model can successfully detect tumor regions and classify the type of tumors correctly without affecting a wide variety of breast tumor images, which depends on the tissue condition and the degree of malignancy in each breast tumor case.

For evaluating the output response fluctuation of the actual environmental acoustic system excited by arbitrary random inputs, it is important to predict a whole probability distribution form closely connected with many noise evaluation indexes Lx, Leq and so on. In this paper, a new type evaluation method is proposed by introducing lower and higher order type functional models matched to the prediction of the response probability distribution form especially from a problem-oriented viewpoint. Because of the non-negative property of the sound intensity variable, the response probability density function can be reasonably expressed in advance theoretically by a statistical Laguerre expansion series form. The system characteristic between input and output can be described by the regression relationship between the distribution parameters (containing expansion coefficients of this expression) and the stochastic input. These regression functions can be expressed in terms of the orthogonal series expansion. Since, in the actual environment, the observed output is inevitably contaminated by the background noise, the above regression functions can not be directly employed as the models for the actual environment. Fortunately, the observed output can be given by the sum of the system output and the background noise on the basis of additivity of intensity quantity and the statistical moments of the background noise can be obtained in advance. So, the models relating the regression functions to the function of the observed output can be derived. Next, the parameters of the regression functions are determined based on the least-squares error criteria and the measure of statistical independency according to the level of non-Gaussian property of the function of the observed output. Thus, by using the regression functions obtained by the proposed identification method, the probability distribution of the output reducing the background noise can be predicted. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed experimentally too by applying it to an actual indoor-outdoor acoustic system.

This paper proposes a low-distortion noise canceller and its learning algorithm which is robust against crosstalk and is applicable for continuous sounds. The proposed canceller consists of two stages: cancellation of the crosstalk and cancellation of the noise. A recursive filter reduces the number of computations for noise cancellation stage. Separate filters for the adaptation and the filtering are introduced for crosstalk cancellation. Computer simulations show 10 dB improvement of the error power.

The processes observed in a sound environment inevitably contain additional external noise of arbitrary distribution. Furthermore, the actual sound environment system exhibits various types of linear and non-linear characteristics, and it often contains an unknown structure. In this paper, a method for estimating the input signal for a sound environment system with unknown structure and additive noise of arbitrary probability distribution is proposed by introducing a system model of the conditional probability type. The effectiveness of the proposed theoretical method is confirmed experimentally by applying it to the actual problem of input estimation of the sound environment.

This paper describes the results of a series of laboratory experiments for performance evaluations of our proposed Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) based interference canceller, the Interference Canceling Equalizer (ICE), which can cancel both co-channel interference (CCI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). To verify the feasibility of ICE for the Japanese cellular communications system, a standard of which has been released under the name of Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) system, a prototype system was constructed using 27 TI TMS320C40 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chips. The ICE prototype works in real-time on the PDC air interface, major specifications of which are π/4 QDPSK 21 k symbols/s 3-channel time-division multiple-access (TDMA). Two-branch diversity reception is used to enhance the signal detection performance of ICE. In the experiments, BER performances were evaluated using the prototype system. Under a single-path Rayleigh fading and a single CCI condition, the ICE receiver attains the BER of less than 310-2 with the negative values of the average CIR: for fD = 5 Hz and 40 Hz, the average CIR more than -20 dB and -10 dB, respectively. Under a double-path Rayleigh fading and a single CCI condition, the ICE receiver attains the BER of less than 1.510-2 with the negative values of the average CIR: for fD = 5 Hz and 40 Hz, the average CIR more than -20 dB and -10 dB, respectively. The laboratory test results suggest that the ICE receiver has potential for system capacity enhancement.

In this paper, we consider the complexity of recognizing ordered tree-shellable Boolean functions when Boolean functions are given as OBDDs. An ordered tree-shellable function is a positive Boolean function such that the number of prime implicants equals the number of paths from the root node to a 1-node in its ordered binary decision tree representation. We show that given an OBDD, it is possible to check within polynomial time if the function is ordered tree-shellable with respect to the variable ordering of the OBDD.

System capacity of a system consisting of N classes of users is characterized by N-vectors representing the number of users that can be accommodated under a specified BER (bit error rate) constraint in each class. In this paper, system capacity of the reverse link of a wireless multimedia CDMA system with processing gain control is analyzed in the asymptotic regime, when the processing gain G, for receivers with and without CCI cancellers. A new scheme for processing gain control with an optimized power allocation is proposed and its system capacity is compared with the conventional processing gain control scheme as well as the previously discussed power control scheme. It is shown that the proposed scheme has a certain advantage over other schemes.

In this paper, we present a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to automatically detect lung cancer candidates at an early stage using a present and a past helical CT screening. We have developed a slice matching algorithm that can automatically match the slice images of a past CT scan to those of a present CT scan in order to detect changes in the lung fields over time. The slice matching algorithm consists of two main process: the process of extraction of the lungs, heart, and descending aorta and the process of matching slices of the present and past CT images using the information of the lungs, heart, and descending aorta. To evaluate the performance of this algorithm, we applied it to 50 subjects (total of 150 scans) screened between 1993 and 1998. From these scans, we selected 100 pairs for evaluation (each pair consisted of scans for the same subject). The algorithm correctly matched 88 out of the 100 pairs. The slice images for the present and past CT scans are displayed in parallel on the CRT monitor. Feature measurements of the suspicious regions are shown on the relevant images to facilitate identification of changes in size, shape, and intensity. The experimental results indicate that the CAD system can be effectively used in clinical practice to increase the speed and accuracy of routine diagnosis.

This study presents two new bit-parallel cellular multipliers based on an irreducible all one polynomial (AOP) over the finite field GF(2m). Using the property of the AOP, this work also presents an efficient algorithm of inner-product multiplication for computing AB2 multiplications is proposed, with a structure that can simplify the time and space complexity for hardware implementations. The first structure employs the new inner-product multiplication algorithm to construct the bit-parallel cellular architecture. The designed multiplier only requires the computational delays of (m+1)(TAND+TXOR). The second proposed structure is a modification of the first structure, and it requires (m+2) TXOR delays. Moreover, the proposed multipliers can perform A2iB2j computations by shuffling the coefficients to make i and j integers. For the computing multiplication in GF(2m), the novel multipliers turn out to be efficient as they simplify architecture and accelerate computation. The two novel architectures are highly regular, simpler, and have shorter computation delays than the conventional cellular multipliers.

We investigated the dependence of the desired echo return loss on frequency for various hands-free telecommunication conditions by subjective assessment. The desired echo return loss as a function of frequency (DERLf) is an important factor in the design and performance evaluation of a subband echo canceller, and it is a measure of what is considered an acceptable echo caused by electrical loss in the transmission line. The DERLf during single-talk was obtained as attenuated band-limited echo levels that subjects did not find objectionable when listening to the near-end speech and its band-limited echo under various hands-free telecommunication conditions. When we investigated the DERLf during double-talk, subjects also heard the speech in the far-end room from a loudspeaker. The echo was limited to a 250-Hz bandwidth assuming the use of a subband echo canceller. The test results showed that: (1) when the transmission delay was short (30 ms), the echo component around 2 to 3 kHz was the most objectionable to listeners; (2) as the transmission delay rose to 300 ms, the echo component around 1 kHz became the most objectionable; (3) when the room reverberation time was relatively long (about 500 ms), the echo component around 1 kHz was the most objectionable, even if the transmission delay was short; and (4) the DERLf during double-talk was about 5 to 10 dB lower than that during single-talk. Use of these DERLf values will enable the design of more efficient subband echo cancellers.

We propose a new interference cancellation technique using reference signals for optical synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. In the proposed system, we use the signature code sequences composed of the group information codes and the modified prime code sequences. The group information codes are added in the forefront of the signature code sequences to estimate the amount of the multiple access interference (MAI). The proposed cancellation scheme can be realized with the simpler structure than the conventional canceller using the time division reference signal, because it can reduce the number of optical correlators from P to two where P is the prime number. We analyze the performance of the proposed system with considering the effects of the MAI, avalanche photodiode (APD) noise, and thermal noise. We show that the proposed canceller has better bit error probability than the conventional canceller.

This paper investigates noise enhancement factors of a zero-forcing detector and a decision feedback detector for synchronous Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels. It is first shown that the zero-forcing and decision feedback detectors can be implemented in a vector digital filter form, and the noise enhancement factors with the detectors can easily be calculated by using the vector digital filter form. This paper then applies the zero-forcing and decision feedback detectors to the signal detection of a frequency-overlapped multicarrier signaling (FOMS) system. The normalized noise enhancement factor, which is given as a product of the noise enhancement and bandwidth reduction factors, is shown to be smaller with the decision feedback detector than the zero-forcing detector. Results of computer simulations conducted to evaluate bit error rate (BER) performances with the two detectors are also shown together with the BER performance with a conventional channel-by-channel detector.

The purpose of this letter is to modify the correlation least mean squares algorithm using a sum of the lagged squared errors as the cost function and extend the modified CLMS algorithm to two-dimensional domain. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown by the computer simulation.

In this paper, the improvement technique for a nonlinear parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver for a DS-CDMA system is studied, which cancels only the estimated multiple access interference (MAI) from specific users at each receiver stage. This technique was introduced as a PIC receiver using null zone hard decision in the proceeding of IEEE MILCOM '94, but the numerical results has not been fully provided with varying decision threshold. In this paper, the performance of the PIC receiver using null zone hard decision is shown in a Rayleigh fading channel. Also, a new PIC receiver with an adaptive decision threshold is proposed. In the proposed new PIC receiver, the decision threshold for partial cancellation is adjusted according to the statistic of its matched filter (MF) outputs. The BER of the proposed PIC receiver is obtained by simulation and compared with those of the conventional PIC receiver and the PIC receiver using null zone hard decision in a Rayleigh fading channel. It is shown that the proposed PIC receiver achieves better performance than the conventional PIC receiver and the PIC receiver using null zone hard decision in a Rayleigh fading channel.

Recently the applications of MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) have made remarkable progress in many filelds. The optical application of MEMS is one of the most promising because it provides micro mechano optical devices, the key components for high-perfromance systems in optical communication networks and data storage devices. This paper disucces the impacts of MEMS techologies on optical systems. Furthermore, state-of-the-art exmaples of micro optical switches, pig-tailed tunable filters and two-dimensional MEMS optical scanners are described.

In this paper the application of a linear-quadratic processor is proposed for detection of each user's signal in a direct sequence code division multiple access scheme and, in particular, for W-CDMA systems. In this method, the knowledge of the user of interest, and some statistical knowledge of interfering transmitters' signals are used to detect the desired user's signal without needing exact "a priori" knowledge of the interfering signal parameters such as spreading sequences and signal powers. Parameters of the proposed processor, which are derived so as to maximise the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), can generally be obtained by solving a system of linear equations for which many effective techniques exist. A model for this detection procedure is developed and shown--through analytical and numerical results--to offer a good compromise between complexity and quality of performance.