This paper discusses key technologies specific for fifth generation (5G) cellular systems which are expected to connect internet of things (IoT) based vertical sectors. Because services for 5G will be expanded drastically, from information transfer services to mission critical and massive connection IoT connection services for vertical sectors, and requirement for cellular systems becomes quite different compared to that of fourth generation (4G) systems, after explanation for the service and technical trends for 5G, key wireless access technologies will be discussed, especially, from the view point of what is new and how import. In addition to the introduction of new technologies for wireless access, flexibility of networking is also discussed because it can cope with QoS support services, especially to cope with end-to-end latency constraint conditions. Therefore, this paper also discuss flexible network configuration using mobile edge computing (MEC) based on software defined network (SDN) and network slicing.

During the development of a human embryo, the position of eyes moves medially and caudally in the viscerocranium. A statistical model of this process can play an important role in embryology by facilitating qualitative analyses of change. This paper proposes an algorithm to construct a spatiotemporal statistical model for the eyeballs of a human embryo. The proposed modeling algorithm builds a statistical model of the spatial coordinates of the eyeballs independently for each Carnegie stage (CS) by using principal component analysis (PCA). In the process, a q-Gaussian distribution with a model selection scheme based on the Aaike information criterion is used to handle a non-Gaussian distribution with a small sample size. Subsequently, it seamlessly interpolates the statistical models of neighboring CSs, and we present 10 interpolation methods. We also propose an estimation algorithm for the CS using our spatiotemporal statistical model. A set of images of eyeballs in human embryos from the Kyoto Collection was used to train the model and assess its performance. The modeling results suggested that information geometry-based interpolation under the assumption of a q-Gaussian distribution is the best modeling method. The average error in CS estimation was 0.409. We proposed an algorithm to construct a spatiotemporal statistical model of the eyeballs of a human embryo and tested its performance using the Kyoto Collection.

Image sensor communication (ISC), a type of visible light communication, is an emerging wireless communication technology that uses LEDs to transmit a signal and uses an image sensor in a camera to receive the signal. This paper discusses the present status of and future trends in ISC by describing the essential characteristics and features of ISC. Moreover, we overview the products and expected future applications of ISC.

We present a novel receiver for reliable IoT communications. In this letter, it is assumed that IoT communications are based on ZigBee under frequency-selective indoor environments. The ZigBee includes IEEE 802.15.4 specification for low-power and low-cost communications. The presented receiver fully follows the specification. However, the specification exhibits extremely low performance under frequency-selective environments. Therefore, a channel estimation approach is proposed for reliable communications under frequency-selective fading indoor environments. The estimation method relies on FFT operations, which are usually embedded in cellular phones. We also suggest a correlation method for accurate recovery of original information. The simulation results show that the proposed receiver is very suitable for IoT communications under frequency-selective indoor environments.

Labeling a salient region accurately in video with cluttered background and complex motion condition is still a challenging work. Most existing video salient region detection models mainly extract the stimulus-driven saliency features to detect the salient region in video. They are easily influenced by the cluttered background and complex motion conditions. It may lead to incomplete or wrong detection results. In this paper, we propose a video salient region detection framework by fusing the stimulus-driven saliency features and spatiotemporal consistency cue to improve the performance of detection under these complex conditions. On one hand, stimulus-driven spatial saliency features and temporal saliency features are extracted effectively to derive the initial spatial and temporal salient region map. On the other hand, in order to make use of the spatiotemporal consistency cue, an effective spatiotemporal consistency optimization model is presented. We use this model optimize the initial spatial and temporal salient region map. Then the superpixel-level spatiotemporal salient region map is derived by optimizing the initial spatiotemporal salient region map. Finally, the pixel-level spatiotemporal salient region map is derived by solving a self-defined energy model. Experimental results on the challenging video datasets demonstrate that the proposed video salient region detection framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

A miniaturized and bandwidth-enhanced implantable antenna is designed for wireless biotelemetry in the medical implantable communications service (MICS) frequency band of 402-405MHz. To reduce the antenna size and enhance the available bandwidth with regard to the reflection coefficients, a meandered planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) structure is adopted on a dielectric/ferrite substrate which is an artificial magneto-dielectric material. The potential of the proposed antenna for the intended applications is verified through prototype fabrication and measurement with a 2/3 human muscle phantom. Good agreement is observed between the simulation and measurement in terms of resonant characteristics and gain radiation patterns; the bandwidth is enhanced in comparison with that of the ferrite-removed antenna, and antenna gain of -27.7dB is obtained in the measurement. Allowances are made for probable fabrication inaccuracies and practical operating environments. An analysis of 1-g SAR distribution is conducted to confirm compliance with the specific absorption rate limitation (1.6W/kg) of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Power analysis for IoT devices is strongly required to protect attacks from malicious attackers. It is also very important to reduce power consumption itself of IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a highly-adaptable and small-sized in-field power analyzer for low-power IoT devices. The proposed power analyzer has the following advantages: (A) The proposed power analyzer realizes signal-averaging noise reduction with synchronization signal lines and thus it can reduce wide frequency range of noises; (B) The proposed power analyzer partitions a long-term power analysis process into several analysis segments and measures voltages and currents of each analysis segment by using small amount of data memories. By combining these analysis segments, we can obtain long-term analysis results; (C) The proposed power analyzer has two amplifiers that amplify current signals adaptively depending on their magnitude. Hence maximum readable current can be increased with keeping minimum readable current small enough. Since all of (A), (B) and (C) do not require complicated mechanisms nor circuits, the proposed power analyzer is implemented on just a 2.5cm×3.3cm board, which is the smallest size among the other existing power analyzers for IoT devices. We have measured power and energy consumption of the AES encryption process on the IoT device and demonstrated that the proposed power analyzer has only up to 1.17% measurement errors compared to a high-precision oscilloscope.

To reduce the server load and communication costs of machine-to-machine (M2M) systems, sensor data are aggregated in M2M gateways. Aggregation logic is typically programmed in the C language and embedded into the firmware. However, developing aggregation programs is difficult for M2M service providers because it requires gateway-specific knowledge and consideration of resource issues, especially RAM usage. In addition, modification of aggregation logic requires the application of firmware updates, which are risky. We propose a rule-based sensor data aggregation system, called the complex sensor data aggregator (CSDA), for M2M gateways. The functions comprising the data aggregation process are subdivided into the categories of filtering, statistical calculation, and concatenation. The proposed CSDA supports this aggregation process in three steps: the input, periodic data processing, and output steps. The behaviors of these steps are configured by an XML-based rule. The rule is stored in the data area of flash ROM and is updatable through the Internet without the need for a firmware update. In addition, in order to keep within the memory limit specified by the M2M gateway's manufacturer, the number of threads and the size of the working memory are static after startup, and the size of the working memory can be adjusted by configuring the sampling setting of a buffer for sensor data input. The proposed system is evaluated in an M2M gateway experimental environment. Results show that developing CSDA configurations is much easier than using C because the configuration decreases by 10%. In addition, the performance evaluation demonstrates the proposed system's ability to operate on M2M gateways.

This paper proposes an efficient lossless coding scheme for color video in RGB 4:4:4 format. For the R signal that is encoded before the other signals at each frame, we employ a block-adaptive prediction technique originally developed for monochrome video. The prediction technique used for the remaining G and B signals is extended to exploit inter-color correlations as well as inter- and intra-frame ones. In both cases, multiple predictors are adaptively selected on a block-by-block basis. For the purpose of designing a set of predictors well suited to the local properties of video signals, we also explore an appropriate setting for the spatiotemporal partitioning of a video volume.

In the near future, many sensors and terminals will be connected to the public network to provide various convenient IoT/M2M services. In order to connect many sensors to the network efficiently, wireless communication systems in the 920MHz band are seen as attractive solutions. We are focusing on the 920MHz band to research and develop high-capacity protocols that can accommodate many terminals, and low power consumption technologies for battery-driven terminals. In this paper, we describe the following three concrete wireless systems that use our proposals. (1) A physical distribution pallet management system that can handle thousands of pallet-embedded sensors and a wireless module with a battery lifetime of about ten years. (2) Water leakage monitoring system for underground pipes by using sensors and a wireless module in each valve box. (3) A wide-area and high-capacity radio relay system for smart metering services like the reading of gas meters. The radio relay system can accommodate various sensors and terminals and has large potential for providing various IoT/M2M services in conjunction with smart metering services.

With the flourish of applications based on the Internet of Things (IoT), privacy issues have been attracting a lot of attentions. Although the concept of privacy homomorphism was proposed along with the birth of the well-known RSA cryptosystems, cryptographers over the world have spent about three decades for finding the first implementation of the so-called fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). Despite of, currently known FHE schemes, including the original Gentry's scheme and many subsequent improvements as well as the other alternatives, are not appropriate for IoT-oriented applications because most of them suffer from the problems of inefficient key size and noisy restraining. In addition, for providing fully support to IoT-oriented applications, symmetric fully homomorphic encryptions are also highly desirable. This survey presents an analysis on the challenges of designing secure and practical FHE for IoT, from the perspectives of lightweight requirements as well as the security requirements. In particular, some issues about designing noise-free FHE schemes would be addressed.

In the current IoT (Internet of Things) environment, more and more Things: devices, objects, sensors, and everyday items not usually considered computers, are connected to the Internet, and these Things affect and change our social life and economic activities. By using IoTs, service providers can collect and store personal information in the real world, and such providers can gain access to detailed behaviors of the user. Although service providers offer users new services and numerous benefits using their detailed information, most users have concerns about the privacy and security of their personal data. Thus, service providers need to take countermeasures to eliminate those concerns. To help eliminate those concerns, first we conduct a survey regarding users' privacy and security concerns about IoT services, and then we analyze data collected from the survey using structural equation modeling (SEM). Analysis of the results provide answers to issues of privacy and security concerns to service providers and their users. And we also analyze the effectiveness and effects of personal information management and protection functions in IoT services.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) plays a crucial role in IoT development. With the extensive use of RFID, the fact that a single RFID tag integrates multiple applications has become a mainstream. To facilitate users to use the multi-application RFID tag and revoke some applications in the tag securely and efficiently, a secure RFID application revocation scheme is proposed in this paper. In the scheme, each response for the challenge between tag and reader is different, and a group has the feature of many tags. Even if the group index number and corresponding group are revealed, a specific tag does not be precisely found and tracked. Users are anonymous completely. The scheme also allows users to set the validity period for an application or some applications. If the application contains the validity period and expires, the server will remove the validity period and revoke the application automatically in the tag when the RFID tag accesses server again. The proposed scheme cannot only be used in multi-application RFID tag but also be used in one-application RFID tag. Furthermore, compared with other existing schemes, the scheme provides a higher level of security and has an advantage of performance. Our scheme has the ability of mutual authentication and Anti-replay by adding a random number r2, and it is easy to against synchronization attack. Security proof is given in our paper and performance advantage are mainly reflected in the following points such as forward security, synchronization, storage complexity, computational complexity, etc. Finally, the proposed scheme can be used in multi-application RFID tag to promote the development of the IoT.

By the deployment of Internet of Things, embedded systems using microcontroller are nowadays under threats through the network and incorporating security measure to the systems is highly required. Unfortunately, microcontrollers are not so powerful enough to execute standard security programs and need light-weight, high-speed and secure cryptographic libraries. In this paper, we port NaCl cryptographic library to ARM Cortex-M0(M0+) Microcontroller, where we put much effort in fast and secure implementation. Through the evaluation we show that the implementation achieves about 3 times faster than AVR NaCl result and reduce half of the code size.

Cyber-attacks and cybersecurity used to be the issues for those who use Internet and computers. The issues, however, are expanding to anyone who does not even use them directly. The society is gradually and heavily depending on networks and computers. They are not closed within a cyberspace anymore and having interaction with our real world with sensors and actuators. Such systems are known as CPS (Cyber Physical Systems), IoT/E (Internet of Things/Everything), Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet, M2M, etc. No matter what they are called, exploitation of any of these systems may cause a serious influence to our real life and appropriate countermeasures must be taken to mitigate the risks. In this paper, cybersecurity in ICS (Industrial Control Systems) is reviewed as a leading example of cyber physical security for critical infrastructures. Then as a future aspect of it, IoT security for consumers is explained.

Nowadays, the batteryless sensor system is widely used for Internet of things (IoT) system. Especially, batteryless backscatter system has a great significance in that it permits us to communicate without power supply devices. However, conventional backscatter system requires high power reader and this can be a problem with the communication efficiency. Therefore, this letter proposes a new transmission scheme on the batteryless backscatter system in order to solve this problem. In the proposed scheme, the mobile devices which embed Wi-Fi chipset are used as a reader. The tag obtains Internet connectivity from the reader. Since the tag can not decode the general Wi-Fi packet, new algorithm of the scheme uses a specially designed packet. In this letter, the designing method for the decodable packet is proposed. Moreover, the scheme implements beamforming to improve the reliability. By concentrating the power to the designated direction, the robust communication can be achieved. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers reliable Internet connectivity without extra battery.

Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture as an alternative paradigm to traditional IP networking. The innovative concepts, such as named data, name-based routing, and in-network caching bring lots of benefits to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Simple and robust communication model of ICN, based on interest/data messages exchange, is appealing to be deployed in WSNs. However, ICN architectures are designed for power supplied network devices rather than resource-constrained sensor nodes. Introducing ICN-liked architecture to WSNs needs to rethink the naming scheme and forwarding strategy to meet the requirements of energy efficiency and failure recovery. This paper presents a light weight data centric routing mechanism (GRMR) for interest dissemination and data delivery in location-aware WSNs. A simple naming scheme gives assistance for routing decision by individual nodes. Greedy routing engaging with regional multicast mechanism provides an efficient data centric routing approach. The performance is analytically evaluated and simulated in NS-2. The results indicate that GRMR achieves significant energy efficiency under investigated scenarios.

Facial paralysis is a popular clinical condition occurring in 30 to 40 patients per 100,000 people per year. A quantitative tool to support medical diagnostics is necessary. This paper proposes a simple, visual and robust method that can objectively measure the degree of the facial paralysis by the use of spatiotemporal features. The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of an effective spatiotemporal feature extraction method based on a tracking of landmarks. Our method overcomes the drawbacks of the other techniques such as the influence of irrelevant regions, noise, illumination change and time-consuming process. In addition, the method is simple and visual. The simplification helps to reduce the time-consuming process. Also, the movements of landmarks, which relate to muscle movement ability, are visual. Therefore, the visualization helps reveal regions of serious facial paralysis. For recognition rate, experimental results show that our proposed method outperformed the other techniques tested on a dynamic facial expression image database.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which have different characteristics in mobility and communication patterns from traditional mobile devices such as cellular phones, have come into existence as a new type of mobile devices. A strict mobility management scheme for providing highly mobile devices with seamless access is over-engineered for IoT devices' mobility management. We revisit current mobility management schemes for wireless mobile networks based on identifier/locator separation. In this paper, we focus on IoT communication patterns, and propose a new routing-based mobility scheme for them. Our scheme adopts routing information aggregation scheme using the Bloom Filter as a data structure to store routing information. We clarify the effectiveness of our scheme in IoT environments with a large number of IoT devices, and discuss its deployment issues.

In 1919 the Department of Electrical Engineering (EE) was established in Tohoku University (at that time, Tohoku Imperial University). In this Department a growing tendency towards research featured in science and technology for electrical communication. Great efforts made in these fields produced pioneering studies such as those of the Yagi-Uda antenna and slotted-anode type magnetrons in the late 1920s. The purpose of this article is to introduce the history of development of microwave electron-tube at Tohoku University, which was started with the Okabe's magnetron.