This paper evaluates the bit error rate (BER) performance of high rate data transmission such as at 64 and 384 kbits/s (kbps) with high quality (average BER is below 10-6) using turbo/convolutional coding associated with Rake time diversity, antenna diversity, and fast transmission power control (TPC) in multipath fading channels for W-CDMA mobile communications. Laboratory experiments using multipath fading simulators elucidate the superiority of turbo coding over convolutional coding when the channel interleaving length is 40 msec. The required average transmission power for the average BER of 10-6 using turbo coding is decreased by approximately 1.1-1.5 dB and 1.5-1.6 dB for 64 and 384 kbps data transmissions, respectively, compared to that using convolutional coding for a two-path Rayleigh fading channel with the fading maximum Doppler frequency of fD = 5-200 Hz. Furthermore, field experimental results elucidate that the required transmission power for the average BER of 10-6 employing turbo coding is decreased by approximately 0.6 dB and 2.0 dB compared to convolutional coding for 64 and 384 kbps data transmissions, respectively, without antenna diversity reception, while that with antenna diversity reception exhibits only an approximate 0.3-0.5 dB decrease. This decrease in improvement with antenna diversity reception indicates that in an actual fading channel in the field experiments, the impact of the error in path search for Rake combining and SIR measurement for fast TPC diminishes the performance improvement of the turbo coding due to a very low received signal power.

In narrow band power-line communication (PLC) systems, which use frequency band below a few hundred kHz, the noise on power-line is non-white and non-stationary. Under such environment, the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) modulation system is analyzed, and time and frequency dependence of bit error rate (BER) is clarified. In addition, the possibility of performance improvement with the symbol level repetition coding employing cyclo-stationary feature of power-line noise is presented.

Recent cellular systems have excellent performances, such as high quality, compactness, low power consumption and low cost, owing not only to digital technologies but also to various RF device technologies, especially amplifier technologies. This paper describes base station RF technologies that contributed for the improvement of base station equipment. Future mobile system will provide much higher bitrate services in the higher frequency band. Requirements and new technologies that are expected for RF equipment of the future base stations are also discussed.

An S-band linearizer was developed using GaAs MMIC technology. We call it the even-order-distortion-implemented intermodulation distortion controller (EODIC). EODIC uses even-order intermodulation distortion (IM) components in the second harmonic frequency band to control its IM components in the fundamental frequency band. EODIC is a suitable tool to compensate near-saturated high power amplifiers (HPAs). We developed an EODIC using MMIC technology. This paper describes the principle of EODIC and then introduces the EODIC MMIC in detail. This paper also presents the IM reduction performance of an EODIC in a near-saturated HPA.

Higher-order harmonics and distortions generated by nonlinearity of capacitance-voltage characteristic of a single varactor and an anti-series-connected varactor pair are analyzed and compared. The effect of linear and parabolic terms of nonlinearity to harmonics outputs and distortions is discussed. It is shown that an anti-series-connected varactor pair has a completely suppressed linear term and reduced parabolic term. The advantage of an anti-series-connected varactor pair is theoretically explained.

This paper presents the theoretical analysis of subband adaptive array combining cyclic prefix transmission scheme (SBAA-CP) in multipath fading environment. The exact expressions for optimal weights, array outputs and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) are derived. The analysis shows that use of the cyclic prefix data transmission scheme can significantly improve the performance of subband adaptive array (SBAA). An example of implementing SBAA-CP as a software antenna is also presented.

In this paper, we propose a medium access control (MAC) protocol for multimedia code division multiple access (CDMA) communications. In the proposed protocol, a base station (BS) estimates the instantaneous number of simultaneously transmitted packets in the future slots with exploiting a stochastic property of traffic. In order to carry out this estimation, we employ an adaptive algorithm. We evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol by comparing that with two different cases. One is no estimation case and the other is perfect estimation case. From these results, we clarify the advantage of the proposed MAC protocol.

This paper discusses encoding of vehicular position information using predictive algorithms in inter-vehicle communications (IVC) from the viewpoints of source coding and noisy channels. Two vehicular driving models are assumed; one is the 15-mode as a suburban rapid transit driving pattern, the other is called calming mode as a street-driving pattern. Three types of schemes are compared; a pulse code modulation (PCM) scheme, a predictive coding (PC) scheme, and the variable interval prediction (VIP) scheme that is proposed here. This paper assumes that precise position information is got from a positioning system, and that all the transmitters and receivers have common predictors. Performance comparisons of the three types of schemes are carried out both of noiseless and noisy channels. Results show that the VIP scheme is superior to any other scheme.

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are promising systems to give excellent solutions for many problems that we face in transport today. Not only road-to-vehicle communications but also inter-vehicle communications in ITS are expected to become popular in the future. On the other hand, an intra-vehicle communication network should be supported by multimedia information according to the explosive expansion of the Internet use and the like. An inexpensive transmission medium and transceiver becomes indispensable in such in-vehicle local area network (LAN) for multimedia information as these must handle full-motion video signals, without any electromagnetic interference. We have proposed on-board network architecture based on optical P1394b to realize effective inter-vehicle communications and enable all equipment which freely add and remove to the intra-vehicle network. And according to the proposed architecture, we have developed a 500-Mbit/s low-cost optical transceiver for the intra- and inter-vehicle communication network using a commercially available plastic clad fiber. An LD for the compact disk drive and a large area photodiode were adopted as low-cost and high-speed optical devices, and a logic direct driving type simple circuit having temperature compensation function was developed. Simple assembly technologies such as plastic molding and optical element press-fitting were also developed for mounting to reduce assembly cost. The total cost of the fabricated optical transceiver can be reduced less than 2/3, comparing with that of conventional one. We have performed transmission experiments and vibration tests using our optical transceivers that are mounted in on-board elements and connected to the on-board network, and have confirmed these stable operations. Experimental results show our proposed architecture and fabricated optical transceiver can play a key role in the intra- and inter-vehicle communication network.

Various niching methods have been developed to maintain the population diversity. The feature of these methods is to prevent the proliferation of similar individuals in the niche (subpopulation) based on the similarity measure. This paper demonstrates that they are effective to avoid premature convergence in a case where only one global optimum in multimodal functions is searched. The performance of major niching methods in such a case is investigated and compared by experiments using seven benchmark functions. The niching methods tested in this paper are deterministic crowding, probabilistic crowding, restricted tournament selection, clearing procedure and diversity-control-oriented genetic algorithm (DCGA). According to the experiment, each method shows a fairly good global-optimum-searching capability. However, no method can completely avoid premature convergence in all functions. In addition, no method shows a better searching capability than the other methods in all functions.

DS-CDMA provides a flexible support for the low-to-high bit rate of multimedia services upon a specific user's request. A simple capacity expression is derived for a power-controlled reverse link of orthogonal multi-code DS-CDMA with multiple connections. It is found that an orthogonal multi-code user having multiple connections is equivalent to a single connection user, but with a spreading factor reduced by a factor of the total number of parallel codes and a required signal energy per symbol-to-interference plus noise power spectrum density ratio which is the average taken over multiple connections. Furthermore, the use of antenna diversity is found equivalent to the use of higher spreading factor increased by a factor of the number of antennas.

To reduce the bandwidth needed for data transmission in an ad-hoc communication network, such as an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) inter-vehicle communication network, a broadcast scheme is proposed where the data to be transmitted is arranged into several classes. Each class contains more specific and detailed information. Since information to be transmitted often has a geographical relevance, the classes can be structured to represent this relationship. As data is routed through the ad-hoc network, the total amount of transmitted data is reduced by removing the data contained in one class on each hop. The class structure is adaptive so that in unforeseen situations the relative importance of transmitted data can be dynamically adjusted. Furthermore different manufacturers can implement different classes structures, and total length of data may be different. By computer simulation it was shown that in the proposed system the required bandwidth for transmission to achieve similar data reception rates to conventional non-structured data schemes can be reduced to less than one third, resulting in a more efficient transmission scheme. In addition a packet structure similar to IP packets is proposed which will enable easily integration of multimedia transmissions into vehicle to vehicle communications.

In this paper, three algorithms are proposed for rate maximization (RM) of transmitted data in multichannel (MC) communications, subject to joint constraints on available energy budget and tolerable degradation of service (DOS). Altogether referred to as the RM algorithms, they consist of the EADRM, the DADRM, and the fDADRM algorithms. Based on the rate-distortion optimization theory, closed-form expressions for optimally distributing the energy (for EADRM) or DOS (for DADRM and fDADRM ) among the subchannels (SC's) are derived, when the bit allocation is pre-specified. The specification of bit allocations is achieved by the use of the so-called eligible bit allocation matrix (EBAM), which is a function of the total data rate and the number of SC's. A greedy approach is adopted, where the total data rate is kept on raising until the relevant constraints can no longer be satisfied. While all three RM algorithms essentially generate identical maximum data rates, the fDADRM algorithm is much faster than the other two in computation. As compared to the result achievable by a single-channel communication scheme, the RM algorithms produce a much higher data rate for spectrally shaped channels.

In this study, a new signal model suitable for indoor environments with large angle spread is proposed to improve the performance of indoor wireless communication systems. And antenna array techniques adopted for this model are discussed. It is based on the far-field signal assumption. The optimal beamforming weight vector is obtained by applying the antenna algorithm based on the maximum signal to interference noise ratio criterion to the model. The proposed model is verified using a mathematical analysis and computer simulations.

The plan of High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) is considered as a revolutionary wireless system plan with several economic and technological advantages over both space- or ground-based counterparts. In this paper, we propose a joint system of terrestrial and HAPS cellular for Wideband-CDMA mobile communication. This system makes the conventional terrestrial W-CDMA cellular area smaller and the remainder area covered by HAPS to increase the total capacity. Furthermore in down link channel, we introduce the polarized wave and doughnut-like radiation. However, in the proposed system, the performance would be dependent on the terminal position especially near the boundary of doughnut-like cell zone. To overcome this, site diversity that uses both signals from terrestrial Base Station and HAPS Base Station is also introduced. To confirm the availability of the proposed system, we evaluate the system performance by computer simulation.

During TCP/IP communications, MobileIP routing optimization functions causes out-of-order TCP packet sequences. To solve this problem, we propose a dynamic delayed ACK control scheme in which the wireless link-state management part notifies the upper TCP/IP layer of base-station hand-over, and at this time the TCP/IP layer sends dynamic delayed ACKs in response by using two-level-timer (i.e., hard-timer and soft-timer) processing. Simulation results confirm that applying dynamic delayed ACK control to MobileIP networks improves average throughput.

Network-oriented car navigation systems (off-board navigation systems) have become a hot topic cause of the expanding car navigation and active wireless communication markets. This paper examines the map downloading architecture, which realizes practical off-board navigation systems. We focus on practical technologies for present low speed wireless communication networks, such as with a 9.6 kbps transfer speed. We propose a new off-board navigation architecture, which combines a cost-effective map downloading system and a guide information downloading system. The proposed architecture can reduce the download data size to within about 50-100 kbytes for destination setting and route guidance. It has about a 1-2 minutes response time and about a 30-60 yen communication cost for a PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) wireless communication network in Japan. We consider this communication cost has a potential for a commercial off-board navigation system.

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been proposed to accommodate frequent mobility of terminals within the Internet. It utilizes a router, named Mobility Anchor Point (MAP), so that networks can manage mobile terminals without floods of signaling message. Note here that, particularly in a wide area network, such as a mobile communication network, it is efficient to distribute several MAPs within the same network and make the MAP domains cover overlapped areas. This enables the network to manage the terminals in a flexible manner according to their different mobility scenarios. The method described in the Internet-Draft at the IETF, however, lets mobile terminals select its MAP. This may cause load concentration at some particular MAPs and/or floods of signaling messages, because the terminals may not select a feasible MAP in a desirable manner. In this paper, a MAP selection method in distributed-MAPs environment is proposed. It reduces signaling messages to/from outside networks without load concentration at any particular MAPs. Finally, we show that the proposed method works effectively by simulation experiments.

A performance comparison is developed between a chaotic communication system and a spread spectrum system with similar features in terms of bandwidth and transceiver structure but based on more conventional Gold sequences. Comparison is made in the presence of noise and multipath contributions which degrade the channel quality. It is shown that, because of its more favourable correlation properties, the chaotic scheme exhibits lower error rates, at a parity of the bandwidth expansion factor. The same favourable correlation properties are also used to explain and show, through a numerical example, the benefits of chaotic segments in a multi-user environment.

We present an efficiency improvement on an existing unlinkable divisible e-cash system. In the based e-cash system, an e-coin can be divided to spent, and thus the exact payments are available. Furthermore, to protect customer's privacy, the system also satisfies the unlinkability in all the payments, which is not satisfied in other existing divisible e-cash systems. The unlinkability means the infeasibility of determining whether two payments are made by the same customer. However, in the unlinkable divisible e-cash system, the payment protocol needs O(N) computations, and thus inefficient, where N indicates the divisibility precision. For example, in case of N=100,000, about 200,000 exponentiations are needed for the worst. We improve the payment protocol using the tree approach. In case of N=100,000, the protocol with our improvement needs only about 600 exponentiations for the worst. This good result can be obtained for other N which is more than about 100.