In this paper we study traffic engineering in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. We consider off-line computation of disjoint working and restoration paths where path rerouting is used as the restoration scheme. We first compute maximum number of paths for each demand such that paths satisfy diversity requirements. Using the generated path set we study four different approaches for selecting working and restoration paths, and formulate each method as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem. The first two methods treat working and restoration path design problems separately. We propose two new path design methods that jointly optimize the working and restoration paths. A traffic uncertainty model is developed in order to evaluate performances of these four approaches based on their robustness with respect to changing traffic patterns. We compare these design approaches based on the number of additional demands carried and the distribution of residual capacity over the network. It is shown through simulations that the weighted load balancing method proposed in this paper outperforms the other three methods in handling traffic demand uncertainty.

As use of the Internet continues to spread rapidly, Traffic Engineering (TE) is needed to optimize IP network resource utilization. In particular, load balancing with TE can prevent traffic concentration on a single path between ingress and egress routers. To apply TE, we have constructed an MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) network with TE capability in the JGN (Japan Gigabit Network), and evaluated dynamic load balancing behavior in it from the viewpoint of control stability. We confirmed that with this method, setting appropriate control parameter values enables traffic to be equally distributed over two or more routes in an actual large-scale network. In addition, we verified the method's effectiveness by using a digital cinema application as input traffic.

This paper presents a model called PECM (process environment coordination model) to coordinate heterogeneous PSEEs. A PSEE coordinated by PECM is associated with a standard-interfaced PECM coordinator, which provides primitive coordination functions. PECM uses shared product status to coordinate PSEEs. It is expected to offer several features. First, multiple PSEEs can be used in the same project. Second, PECM manages products and product relationships across PSEEs. Third, PECM coordinator is standard- interfaced, which is easy to use.

The capability of a high-temperature superconducting sigma-delta modulator was studied by means of circuit simulation and FFT analysis. Parameters for the circuit simulation were extracted from experimental measurements. The present circuit simulation includes thermal-noise effect. Successive FFT analyses were made to evaluate the dynamic range of the sigma-delta modulator. As a result, the dynamic range was evaluated as 60.1 dB at temperature of 20 K and 56.9 dB at temperature of 77 K.

In this letter we present a new way for computing generalized eigenvalue problems in engineering applications. To transform a generalized eigenvalue problem into an associated problem for solving nonlinear dynamic equations by using optimization techniques, we can determine all eigenvalues and their eigenvectors for general complex matrices. Numerical examples are given to verify the formula of dynamic equations.

A family F of min-wise independent permutations is known to be a useful tool of indexing replicated documents on the Web. We say that a family F of permutations on {0,1,. . . ,n-1} is min-wise independent if for any X {0,1,. . . ,n-1} and any x X, Pr[min {π(X)} = π(x)]= ||X||-1 when π is chosen uniformly at random from F, where ||A|| is the cardinality of a finite set A. We also say that a family F of permutations on {0,1,. . . ,n-1} is d-wise independent if for any distinct x1,x2,. . . ,xd {0,1,. . . , n-1} and any distinct y1,y2,. . . ,yd {0,1,. . . , n-1}, Pr[i=1d π(xi) = π(yi)]= 1/{n(n-1) (n-d+1)} when π is chosen uniformly at random from F (note that nontrivial constructions of d-wise independent family F of permutations on {0,1,. . . ,n-1} are known only for d=2,3). Recently, Broder, et al. showed that any family F of pairwise (2-wise) independent permutations behaves close to a family of min-wise independent permutations, i.e., for any X {0,1,. . . ,n-1} such that 3 ||X||=k n-2 and any x X, (lower bound) Pr[min {π(X)}=π(x)] 1/{2(k-1)}; (upper bound) Pr[min {π(X)}=π(x)] O(1/k). In this paper, we extend these bounds to 3-wise independent permutation family and show that any family of 3-wise independent permutations behaves closer to a family of min-wise independent permutations, i.e., for any X {0,1,. . . ,n-1} such that 4 ||X||=k n-3 and any x X, (lower bound) Pr[min {π(X)}=π(x)] 1/{2(k-2)}- 1/{6(k-2)2}; (upper bound) Pr[min {π(X)}=π(x)] 2/k - 2/k + 1/(3kk).

A communication model and a computer assisted communication method are introduced. With this model incorrect communications between humans are explained and then a method to lead successful communications with computer is illustrated. This method improves qualities of communications and can be applied to co-operative works. On the basis of the communication method, we have been developing a co-operative visual software requirements definition method via network with a visual requirements language named VRDL. Our method will improve quality of software requirements specification (SRS).

The group organization used for group learning in a knowledge intensive domain like software development affects educational achievement. This paper proposes a group organization system for software engineering education done through group learning. The organizational problem itself is defined and why a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an appropriate means of solving this problem is explained. This system is a Web application developed with open source software and runs on an open source software platform. Based on the group organization data collected from actual classes, we generated various group organizations by using different strategy parameter values. We then gave a questionnaire to actual students asking them which solution produced the fairest group organization. The replies received revealed that the candidate solution that set greater weight on leadership capability and system analysis capability was the fairest.

In this paper, a new multi-engine architecture for the baseband modem LSI of W-CDMA systems is proposed. The developed test chip with this architecture is also presented. In the multi-engine architecture, processors and wired logic are combined to obtain both flexibility and low power dissipation. Multiple processors are used in the LSI to lower its operating frequency by distributed processing. A customized processor is used to lower the overhead of multiple processors in terms of LSI scale. The test chip was fabricated with a 0.25-µm process. Its measured power dissipation for simultaneous 384 kbit/s downlink reception and 64 kbit/s uplink transmission was 160 mW.

Much has been said and written about the changes in analog IC technology such as shrinking line widths, vanishingly low supply voltages, severe power limitations, and digital noise. But beyond these technology changes and their subsequent methodology changes, a far more subtle revolution is happening in the nature of the profession itself. Technology, software, and product evolution have all conspired to create a new kind of analog IC designer, one very different from the IC designers of the past.

The requirement to realize large-capacity, high-speed and guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) communications in IP networks is a recent development. A technique to satisfy these requirements, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is the focus of this paper. In the future, it is expected that congestion and faults on a Label Switched Path (LSP) will seriously affect service contents because various applications are densely served in a large area. In MPLS, however, methods to solve these problems are not clear. Therefore, this study proposes a concrete traffic engineering method to avoid heavy congestion, and at the same time, endeavors to realize a fault-tolerant network by autonomous restoration, or self-healing.

This paper reports on clich and related mechanisms appearing in a process of human design of software. During studies on human design knowledge, the authors found frequent instance of same pattern of detailing, named clich. In our study, clich is an intermediate level of design knowledge, during a hierarchical detailing step, residing in between simple reuse and creation by micro design rules, which have already been reported. These three kinds of design knowledge are of various types and have different complexities. Discussions on them, focusing on clich type, with procedures of formation of a simple clich skeleton and generation of a clich are given. The studies show a working model of Zipf's principle, and are some trials to reveal a more detail of human designs.

Adaptation of software components to the requirements is one of the key concerns in Component Based Software Development (CBSD). In this paper, we propose a formal approach to compose component based systems which are adaptable to the requirements. We focus on the functional aspects of software components and requirements, which are expressed in S-sorted functions. Those S-sorted functions are transformed into Colored Petri Nets (CPN) models in order to evaluate connectivity between the components, and to evaluate adaptability of composed systems to the requirements. The connectivity is measured based on colors or data types in CPN, while the adaptability is measured based on functional equivalency. We introduce simple glue codes to connect the components each other. The paper focuses on business applications, however the proposed approach can be applied to any other domains as far as the functional adaptability is concerned.

Fuzzy inference abilities were implemented to electromagnetic problems for the first time by the authors. After very successful results of applying the developed fuzzy modeling method to input impedance of a general monopole antenna, in this paper classifying the engineering electromagnetic problems simply, we apply the abilities of the proposed fuzzy inference method to make a qualitative model for transmission lines as a general example for a certain category of problems. The proposed approach starts from observing the problem through the window of human direct understandings and uses some parameters (as calculation base) evaluated basic for modeling process. It is shown that because of using this novel view point, a very simple fuzzy system based on new parameters may model the behavior of a transmission line in general form. The knowledge of each variable can be extracted and saved as simple curves individually, through continuing to make several models considering the desired variable as parameter. Finally, it is shown that the proposed method works even in highly nonuniform transmission line cases without changing in structure and complexity.

We have developed a new traffic measuring tool and applied it to the real-time simulation of a network. It monitors IP traffic on an ATM link and continuously transfers the length and timestamp of each IP packet to a post-processing system. The post-processing system receives the data, estimates the cell's arrival epoch at the transmission queue of the ATM link, and simulates the queueing behavior on-line if conditions differ from those of the actual system. The measuring tool and real-time simulation represent a new approach to traffic engineering. A new estimation problem, the arrival sequence estimation, is shown and some algorithms are proposed and evaluated. Also, a new dimensioning algorithm called the queue decay parameter method, which is expected to be robust and applicable to real-time control, is proposed and evaluated.

It is one of the difficulties in enterprise modeling that we must deal with many fragmented pieces of knowledge provided by various domain-experts, which are usually based on mutually different viewpoints of them. This paper presents a formal approach to integrate those pieces into enterprise-wide model units using Rough Set Theory (RST). We focus on business processes in order to recognize and identify the constituents or units of enterprise models, which would compose the model expressing the various aspects of the enterprise. We defined five model unit types of "resource," "organization," "task," "function," and "behavior. " The first three types represent the static aspect of the enterprise, whereas the last two types represent the dynamic aspect of it. Those units are initially elicited from each domain-expert as his/her own individual model units, then they are integrated into enterprise-wide units using RST. Our approach is methodology-free, and any methodologies can include it in their early stage to identify what composes the enterprise.

In this paper, visualized sound retrieval and categorization methods using a feature-based image search engine were evaluated aiming at efficient video scene query. Color-coded patterns of the sound spectrogram are adopted as the visualized sound index. Sound categorization experiments were conducted using visualized sound databases including speech, bird song, musical sounds, insect chirping, and the sound-track of sports video. The results of the retrieval experiments show that the simple feature-based image search engine can be effectively used for visualized sound retrieval and categorization. The results of categorization experiments involving humans show that after brief training humans can at least do rough categorization. These results suggest that using visualized sound can be effective method for an efficient video scene query.

We present novel semiconductor technologies of ZnO epitaxial films with using laser molecular-beam epitaxy method. Exciting optical properties such as room temperature lasing in ZnO nanocrystalline films and quantum size effects in ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices were observed. By developing crystalline quality with using lattice-matched substrates, we could control resistivity of the doped ZnO films from 10-3 Ωcm to 104 Ωcm. These results would provide us an opportunity to construct a monolithic array consisted of light emitting devices and field effect transistors towards a possible flat panel display.

The Next Generation Internet Initiative was launched in the U.S. to advance key networking technologies that will enable a new wave of applications on the Internet. Now, in its third year, the program has launched and fostered over one hundred new research projects in partnership with academic, industrial and government laboratories. One key research area that has been emphasized within the program is the next-generation optical networking. Given the ever increasing demand for network bandwidth, and the recent phenomenal advances in WDM technologies, the Next Generation Internet is expected to be an IP-based optical WDM network. As IP over WDM networking technologies mature, a number of important architectural, management and control issues have surfaced. These issues need to be addressed before a true Next Generation Optical Internet can emerge. This paper provides a brief introduction to the overall goals and activities of DARPA's NGI program and describes the key architectural, management, and control issues for the Optical Internet. We review the different IP/WDM networking architectural models and their tradeoffs. We outline and discuss several management and control issues and possible solutions related to the configuration, fault, and performance management of IP over dynamic WDM networks. We present an analysis and supporting simulation results demonstrating the potential benefits of dynamic IP over WDM networks. We then discuss the issues related to IP/WDM traffic engineering in more detail, and present the approach taken in the NGI SuperNet Network Control and Management Project funded by DARPA. In particular, we motivate and present an innovative integrated traffic-engineering framework for re-configurable IP/WDM networks. It builds on the strength of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) for fine-grain IP load balancing, and on the strength of Re-configurable WDM networking for reducing the IP network's weighted-hop-distance, and for expanding the bottleneck bandwidth.

The use of intelligent agents is on the rise, fueled by the unprecedented growth in the Internet and web based applications. Consequently, agent-oriented software is becoming large and complex. To support a systematic development of such software, an agent-oriented software development methodology is necessary. This paper focuses on the modeling phase of agent-oriented software life cycle and, presents an approach for agent modeling consisting of Agent Elicitation, Intra, and Inter Agent modeling methods. Agent Elicitation deals with identifying and extracting agents from "classes" in the real world. Intra Agent Modeling involves expressing agent characteristics - Goal, Belief, Plan and Capability - whereas, Inter Agent modeling incorporates agent mobility and communication in a multi-agent system.