The techniques for imaging optically opaque region using an electromagnetic wave radar are being developed. One important application of these techniques is the detection of buried pipes and cables. The image quality of subsurface radar often becomes low because the electromagnetic waves are affected by the attenuation and inhomogeneity of soil. Hence, a method which improves the quality of the radar images has been required. The migration method is utilized in reflective seismic processing and is derived based on the solution of the wave equation represented in spatial frequency domain. It is classified into the F-K and the phase-shift (P-S) migration method. The former is derived on the assumption that propagation velocity of the wave is uniform in the soil while the latter is assumed that the propagation velocity is varying depending on the depth from the ground surface. The P-S method gives relatively good quality images but it requires very long computation time. In this paper, we propose the block migration method in which the F-K method is applied to the divided image blocks with local propagation velocity. In order to solve a problem concerning the connection between the contiguous blocks we present two approaches which are the processings using the overlapped regions and the Lapped Orthogonal Transform (LOT). Some experimental results point out that the block migration method has a good capability of improving the image quality and the processing time using LOT becomes one tenth in comparison with the P-S method.

The performance of multi-pulse pulse position modulation (MPPM) consisting of m slots and 2 pulses, denoted as (m, 2) MPPM, with imperfect slot synchronization is analyzed. The word error probability of (m, 2) MPPM in the presence of timing offset is analyzed, and the optimum symbol sets of (m, 2) MPPM minimizing the symbol error probability are assigned. When an unassigned symbol is detected, the receiver decodes the unassigned symbol as one of the assigned symbols having the highest probability of transition from the assigned symbol to the unassigned symbol. The bit error probability of (m, 2) MPPM in the presence of the timing offset is analyzed, and the bit error probability of (m, 2) MPPM is compared with that of PPM for the same transmission bandwidth and the same transmission rate. Moreover, the bit error probability of (m, 2) MPPM synchronized by a phase-locked loop (PLL) is also analyzed. It is shown that a word with two continuous pulses has better performance than a word with two separate pulses. It is also shown that when the timing offset occurs, and when the slot clock is synchronized by a PLL, (m, 2) MPPM performs better than PPM because (m, 2) MPPM has the optimum assigned symbols, and can decode detected words more correctly than PPM.

This paper proposes a request-grant-type multiple access control called bandwidth-request labeled-slot multiple access (BLMA) for wireless LANs. BLMA employs slotted ALOHA in the request stage and has an algorithm to avoid unfair access due to the capture effect in this stage. In BLMA, terminals transmit data using fixed length slots called fragment slots in the transmission stage. The base station assigns the fragment slots one by one to terminals for peer-to-peer communication in which terminals communicate directly. It also controls the retransmission based on the stop and wait automatic repeat request scheme. The base station retransmits data for the source terminal as much as it can. BLMA provides simple and fair access control, efficient link utilization, and easy implementation. It also allows modes to be easily changed automatically from peer-to-peer communication to store-and-forward communication in which terminals communicate via the base station. Design concepts of a wireless MAC discussed and details of BLMA are described. The evaluation results of the BLMA are also shown.

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the mutual coupling between two ports of dual slot-coupled circular microstrip antennas. Presented are the effects of feed configuration, slot length, slot offset from the circular disk center, circular disk radius and the dielectric constant of the feed substrate on the mutual coupling. Based on these results, the antenna with low mutual coupling was designed. The mutual coupling of under -35dB at the resonant frequency was obtained.

The blocking probabilities of n64Kb/s multi-slot calls are generally much higher than that of single slot calls. In order to improve these blocking probabilities of multi-slot calls, we propose a scheme to limit the number of time slots to be searched for lower rate calls. We analyze the performance of our scheme in a double-buffered time-space-time switching network which accommodates multi-slot calls as well as single-slot calls. The proposed method yields the reduced blocking probabilities of multi-slot calls, the increased traffic handling capacity and the reduced CPU processing load, compared with those of the conventional methods.

Resonant slots are widely used for conventional slotted waveguide array. Reflection from each slot causes a standing wave in the waveguide and beam tilting technique is essential to suppress the reflection at the antenna input port. But the slot reflection narrows the overall frequency bandwidth and the design taking it into account is complicated. This paper proposes a reflection cancelling slot pair as an array element, which consists of two slots spaced by 1/4λg. Round trip path-length difference between them is 1/2λg and reflection waves from a pair disappear and traveling-wave excitation in the waveguide is realized. The full wave analysis reveals that mutual coupling between paired slots is large and seriously reduces the radiation from a pair. Offset arrangement of slots in a pair is recommended to decrease the mutual coupling and to realize strong coupling. In practical array design, the mutual couplings from other pairs were simulated by imposing periodic boundary conditions above the aperture. To clarify the advantages of the slot pair over a conventional resonant slot, the predicted characteristics are compared. Reflection characteristics of the array using the slot pair is excellent and a boresite beam array can be realized. In addition, a slot pair can realize stronger coupling than the conventional resonant slot, while the bandwidth of the former in terms of the aperture field phase illumination is narrower than that of the latter. These suggests that the slot pair array is much more suitable for a small array than conventional one. Finally, the predicted characteristics are confirmed by experiments.

Directional dry etching of Tantalum is described X-ray lithography absorber patterns. Experiments are carried out using both reactive ion etching in CBrF3-based plasma and electron-cyclotron-resonance ion-stream etching in Cl2-based plasma. Ta absorber patterns with perpendicular sidewalls cannot be obtained by RIE when only CBrF3 gas is used as the etchant. While adding CH4 to CBrF3 effectively improves the undercutting of Ta patterns, it deteriorates etching stability because of the intensive deposition effect of CH4 fractions. By adding an Ar/CH4 mixture gas to CBrF3, it is possible to use RIE to fabricate 0.2-µm Ta absorber patterns with perpendicular sidewalls. ECR ion-stream etching is investigated to obtain high etching selectivity between Ta and SiO2 (etching mask)/SiN (membrane). Adding O2 to the Cl2 etchant improves undercutting without remarkably decreasing etching selectivity. Furthermore, an ECR ion-stream etching method is developed to stably etch Ta absorber patterns finer than 0.2µm. This is successfully applied to X-ray lithography mask fabrication for LSI test devices.

A module for rule-based Japanese speech synthesis has been developed. The synthesizer was constructed using the Multiple-Cascade Terminal Analog (MCTA) structure, and this sturcture has been improved in three respects: the voicing-source model has an increased number of variable parameters which allows for voicing-source waveforms that better approximate natural speech; the spectral characteristics of the fricative source have been improved; and the path used for nasal consonants has an increased number of resonators to better conform to theory. The current synthesis system uses a modified stored-pattern data structure which allows better transitions between syllables; however, time-invariant values are used in certain cases in order to decrease the amount of required memory. This system also has a new consolidated method for generating geminate obstruents and syllabic nasals. This synthesizer and synthesis system have been implemented in a re-developed rule-based speech-synthesis module. This module has been constructed using ASIC technology and has both small size (56368 mm) and light weight (19g); it is therefore possible to embed it in various types of portable or moving machinery. The module can be connected directly to a mocroprocessor bus and accepts as input sentences which are generated by the host computer. The input sentences are written with the Japanese katakana or romaji syllabaries and other symbols which describe the sentence structure. The syllable articulation rate for one hundred Japanese syllables (including palatalized sounds) is 65% and for sixty-seven syllables (not including palatalized sounds) is 74%. The word intelligibility, measured using phonetically-balanced words, it 88%.

A terminal-analog synthesizer which uses a glottal model has already been proposed for rule-based speech synthesis, but the control strategy for glottal source intensity levels has not yet been defined. On the other hand, power-control rules which determine the target segmental power of synthetic speech have been proposed, based on statistical analysis of the power in natural speech. It is pointed out that there is a close correlation between observed fundamental frequency and power levels in natural speech; however, the theoretical reasons for this correlation have not been explained. This paper shows the relationship between fundamental frequency and resultant power in a terminal-analog synthesizer which uses a glottal model. From the equations it can be deduced that the tendency in natural speech for power to increase with fundamental frequency can be closely simulated by the sum of the effect of the radiation characteristic and the effect of the synthesis system's vocal tract transfer function. In addition, this paper proposes a method for adjusting the power of synthetic speech to any desired value. This control method can be executed in real-time.

We often use data flow diagrams or state transition diagrams to design software systems with concurrency. We call those diagrams as nets in this paper. Semantics of any methods to describe such software systems should be defined in some formal ways. There would be no doubts that any nets should be supported by appropriate theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we use CCS as a typical algebraic approach of using formulas to express concurrent behaviors and point out the different features of CCS from Petri nets. Any approaches should be not only theoretically beautiful but also practically useful. We use a specification language LOTOS as such example which has two features, CCS and ADT, and is designed to specify practical communication protocols. Algebraic approaches of using formulas, like LOTOS, can be considered as a compact way to express concurrent behaviors. We explore our discussions of net-oriented approaches into UIMS research fields. After mentioning state transition models of UIMS, we exemplify a practically used example, VIA-UIMS, which has been developed by one of authors. VIA-UIMS employs a net-oriented architecture. It has been designed to reconstuct tools which have already been widely used in many sites.

This paper describes a new method for the concurrent detection of faults in instruction level parallel (ILP) processors. This method uses the No OPeration (NOP) instruction slots that under branches, resource conflicts and some kind of data dependencies fill some of the pipelines (stages) in an ILP processor. NOPs are replaced by the copy of an effective instruction running in another pipeline. This allows the checking of the pipelines running the original instruction and its copy (ies), by the comparison of the outputs of their stages during the execution of the replicated instruction. We show some figures obtained for the application of this method to a two-pipeline superscalar processor.

Intermittent chaos was observed in the silicon thyristor circuit without external elements of L and C, under the condition of ac excitation at the anode. Lorenz plot reconstructed from the experimental waveform and the numerical simulation of this kind of intermittency fairly agreed with each other.

A slotted tube resonator (STR) having a shield of conducting circular cylinder which is used as a probe for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is analyzed by using the variational method and the dyadic Green's function of a circular waveguide. Three surface current modes are employed to expand the currents on the STR. Quadruple integrals appearing in the variational expression are evaluated analytically for saving the CPU time. Resonant frequency, Q value and the magnitude of magnetic field distributions for various radii of the shields are obtained to show the effects of the shield. Some measured date are compared with the theoretical results to confirm the validity of the present analysis.

We analyze the average bit error probability (BER) performances of BPSK with pilot tone in the frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel, which can be characterized by the delay power spectrum due to multipath fading. The analysis is based on the error probability conditioned on the receiver input envelope in order to investigate the diversity effects. With taking into consideration of predetection receiving filter characteristic, the average BER is evaluated by treating the normalized standard deviation (rms delay spread), τ0/T (T: digital symbol period), of the delay power spectrum, BT product of predetection filter and power distribution between BPSK signal and pilot tone as parameters. The results show that the optimum power distribution (kopt) can be determined mainly according to the ratio (α) of tone extracting filter bandwidth to predetection filter bandwidth provided that α is small. For fixed α, τ0/T and kopt corresponding to α, optimum BT product, which minimizes the error rate, exists and the value is dependent on signal energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (SNR), and is affected slightly by the delay power spectrum shapes. In this paper, one-sided exponential, Gaussian and double spike shapes are treated as delay power spectrum shapes. On the average BER characteristics due to delay spread with fixed α, BT and kopt corresponding to α, the delay power spectrum shape is of no importance for τ0/T0.06. For τ0/T0.06, in the case of double spike delay power spectrum, BER is less than that for the other two spectral shapes. By making use of the selection diversity with 2-branch and predetection filter with optimum BT product, SNR can be improved by 16dB at the average BER of 10-4.

The inverted slot line (ISL) has been propoaed for millimeter-wave LiNbO3 optical modulator. It is simple in structure, and capable of achieving the perfect velocity matching between carrier and modulating waves. The excellent performance of the ISL optical modulator has been demonstrated at 100 GHz, and the extension into the 50 GHz range is being expected. This paper addresses the analysis of the ISL based on the spectral domain approach. The major results obtained here are the demonstration of the perfect velocity matching not only at 10 GHz but also at 50 GHz, and the characterization of the ISL in terms of effective refractive index, characteristic impedance, overlap integral factor and transmission loss. The depth of optical phase modulation is also estimated at 50 GHz to show a promising performance in the millimeter-wave frequency range. The effective refractive index and the characteristic impedance are found to be theoretically predictable, but the field profile, the overlap integral factor and the transmission loss are not necessarily in good agreement with measurements. As a result of analysis, it can be concluded that the Y-cut substrate is superior to the Z-cut substrate in the following respects: 1. Coupling with the surface wave mode hardly occurs near the operating frequency range. 2. The perfect velocity matching can be attained with a larger spacing between the electrode and the ground plane. 3. The transmission loss is smaller. 4. The field intensity and the voerlap integral factor do not seem to be much deteriorated in the actual ISL.

In LOTOS, requirements for a distributed system are described as a service definition. On the protocol level, each node (protocol entity) must exchange some data values and synchronization messages to provide a service described in a service definition. The tuple of the specifications of all nodes in the system which provide the service is called as a protocol specification. In order to develop the communication programs satisfying a given service definition, it is very important to develop the correct protocol specification. For this purpose, the simulation of protocol specifications is useful and it is desirable that the designer can observe how a protocol specification is executed in parallel and how synchronization messages are exchanged among the nodes. Therefore, we have developed a new tool named PROSPEX. For a given pair of a service definition and a protocol specification, it executes the protocol specification in parallel and shows its execution process graphically on X Window System. If the protocol specification executes an event sequence which does not satisfy the service definition, then PROSPEX informs it to the designer. In this paper, the design and usefulness of PROSPEX are described.

This paper presents unique specification environments for LOTOS, which is one of FDTs (Formal Description Techniques) developed in ISO. We first discuss the large gap in terms of syntax and semantics between informal specifications at the early stage of specification design and formal specifications based on FDT such as LOTOS. This large gap has been bridged by human intelligent works thus far. In order to bridge the large gap, we have designed user-friendly specification environments for FDTs. The outlines of SEGL (Specification Environment for G-LOTOS), CBP (Concept-Based Programming environment) and MBP (Model-Based Programming environment) are described. The effectiveness of software development under such an environment is demonstrated using application examples from OSI and non-OSI protocols.

In this paper an approach to formal specification and verification of ISDN services in LOTOS is presented. As for specification, it is shown that LOTOS can be effectively applied to describe different levels of ISDN service specifications. At the higher level, only the external behaviour of the network is specified. On the other hand, at the lower level, specifications include the behaviour of network components such as switching systems, where each switching system can be specified independently of each other. Such specification style, proves suitable for verification of specifications by using the concepts of the simulation relation.

In this paper, we present an automatic implementation method by which executable communication programs in C can be generated from protocol specifications in LOTOS. The implementation method consists of two parts: 1) An implementation strategy and 2) a set of translation rules. The first part consists of the basic ideas on how to realize the primary mechanisms in LOTOS specifications. The second part formulates the implementation method by way of the translation rules based on the implementation strategy. The characteristics of our method can be summarized as follows: We formulate our implementation method by way of translation rules. These rules are defined topdown in the form of syntax-directed translation function. The mechanism for controlling concurrency and communication among the user processes corresponding to the processes in LOTOS specification is easily realized by using UNIX operating system functions. The translation rules have been implemented on the AS 3000 (SUN3) workstation. An application of this implementation method is demonstrated by a simplified token-ring-protocol.

LOTOS is a language developed within ISO for the formal description of communication protocols and distributed systems. In LOTOS, requirements for a distributed system are called a "service specification". Each node exchanges synchronization messages to ensure the temporal ordering for the execution of events in a service specification. The actions of each node are described as a "protocol specification". This paper gives a survey for a method to derive protocol specifications from a service specification written in a LOTOS based language. In order to derive the protocol specifications, we make the syntax tree of a given service specification and give some attributes for each node in the tree. The protocol specifications are derived automatically by evaluating these attributes. The derived protocol specifications satisfy the given service specification. We also explain a LOTOS simulator for the execution of derived protocol specifications. The related works are also summarized.