A piece of information on the polarization effects on the effective dielectric constant εeff of a medium whose dielectric circular cylinders are randomly distributed is obtained by analyzing εeff for both E-wave and H-wave incidences. Our numerical analysis shows clearly the difference of εeff between E-wave and H-wave incidences and also shows the difference of εeff between our method and the Foldy's approximation.

A method is presented for reconstructing the surface profile of a two dimensional rough surface boundary from the scattered far field data. The proposed inversion algorithm is based on the Kirchhoff approximation and in order to determine the surface profile, the numerical results illustrating the method are presented.

An approach to design for testability using register-transfer level (RTL) partial scan selection is described. We define an RTL circuit model which enables efficient description in an electronic system design automation (ESDA) tool and testability analysis which leads to effective partial scan selection for RTL design including data path circuits and control circuits such as state machines. We also introduced a method of partial scan selection at RTL which selects critical registers and state machines based on RTL testability analysis. DFT techniques using gate level testability measures have been studied and concluded that they are not successful in achieving high fault coverage [15]. However, we started this work for the following reasons, 1) In sequential ATPG procedure, more than two memory elements belonging to a functional units such as registers and state machines are often required to be justified at a time. At RTL, state machines and registers are explicitly described and recognized as functional units while gate level memory elements are scattered over the circuit. 2) As discussed in [6], if the circuit is modified so that the test sequence which causes state transition between initial and final states of sequential ATPG can be easily obtained, ATPG results can be also improved. Complex state machines can be identified at RTL. According to the experimental results, our gate level DFT achieves high fault coverage comparable with the previously published most successful DFT methods, and DFT at RTL resulted in higher fault coverage than gate level DFT at much shorter CPU time.

The electromagnetic force of evanescent field acting on dielectric slab is studied with the use of Maxwell stress tensor. The results show that dielectrics slab may receive always an attractive force when the incident wave is evanescent field while a pressure or an attractive force when the wave is propagating one. The magnitude of the attractive force by evanescent field is much larger than that of the propagating wave. And here some numerical examples are given.

In this study, some oscillators with different oscillation frequencies, N - 1 oscillators have the same oscillation frequency and only the Nth oscillator has different frequency, coupled by a resistor are investigated. At first we consider nonresonance. By carrying out circuit experiments and computer calculations, we observe that oscillation of the Nth oscillator stops in some range of the frequency ratio and that others are synchronized as if the Nth oscillator does not exist. These phenomena are also analyzed theoretically by using the averaging method. Secondly, we investigate the resonance region where the fiequency ratio is nearly equal to 1. For this region we can observe interesting double-mode oscillation, that is, synchronization of envelopes of the double-mode oscillation and change of oscillation amplitude of the Nth oscillator.

In this study, we investigate two oscillators which have the same natural frequency, mutually coupled by N-type piecewise-linear negative resistor. In this system, according to the negative range of the coupling negative resistor, the various inter-esting synchronization phenomena which are in-phase, opposite phase and doublemode-like oscillations are observed. Especially, we show doublemode-like oscillations that are not observed until now in mutually coupled van der Pol oscillators with the smooth cubic characteristics, although the ones with same natural frequencies are coupled. And we show the differences of the phenomena between two oscillators coupled by the smooth cubic negative resistor and the ones coupled by the piecewise-linear negative resistor.

Synchronization and chaos of the oscillator circuit that is composed of two Duffing-Rayleigh oscillators coupled by resistor are investigated. The characteristic feature of this system is that the cubic nonlinear restoring force of each oscillator. The restoring force causes the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation with various synchronizations in the parameter plane. We clarify the bifurcation structure related with this nonlinear phenomenon, and study the chaotic state and its bifurcation process. Especially, we deals with the case that the symmetrical property is broken by changing system parameters.

This paper treats a new-type power combining system of four oscillators equally coupled to one another through an eight-port hybrid. This system is marked by easy analyzability and adjustability from its symmetrical construction. In addition, a combined power from the four oscillators is distinguishably delivered to an arbitrary port of four output ports, and hence can be switched in four ways. Experimental corroboration is presented also.

In this paper, Chay's bursting pancreatic β-cell model is updated to include a role for [Ca2+]ER, the luminal calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The model contains a calcium current which is activated by voltage and inactivated by [Ca2+]i. It also contains a cationic nonselective current (INS) that is activated by depletion of luminal Ca2+ in the ER. In this model, [Ca2+]ER oscillates slowly, and this slow dynamic drives electrical bursting and the [Ca2+]i oscillations. This model is capable of providing answers to some puzzling phenomena,which the previous models could not (e. g., why do single pancreatic β-cells burst with a low frequency while the cells in an islet burst with a much higher frequency ?). Verification of the model prediction that [Ca2+]ER is a primary oscillator that drives electrical bursting and [Ca2+]i oscillations in pancreatic β-cells awaits experimental testing. Experiments using fluorescent dyes such as mag-fura-2-AM could provide relevant information.

The Yasuura method is effective for calculating scattering problems by bodies of revolution. However dealing with 3-D scattering problems, we need to solve bigger size dense matrix equations. One of the methods to solve 3-D scattering is to use multipole expansion which accelerate the convergence rate of solutions on the Yasuura method. We introduce arrays of multipoles and obtain rapidly converging solutions. Therefore we can calculate scattering properties over a relatively wide frequency range and clarify scattering properties such as frequency dependence, shape dependence, and polarization dependence of 3-D scattering from perfectly conducting scatterer. In these numerical results, we keep at least 2 significant figures.

This paper presents a new Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) demodulation method using the Short Time-Discrete Fourier Transform (ST-DFT) analysis to combat large frequency offset with time variation in low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications systems. This demodulation method can demodulate the received signal only by searching for the instantaneous spectrum energy peaks without complicated carrier recovery. In addition, it is insensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation caused by the excessively wide bandwidth of the receiver front-end band pass filter. Furthermore, the ST-DFT analysis combined with a differential encoding scheme gives FSK demodulation method a potential robustness against large and fast time-varying frequency offset.

The thermal and/or the tensile strain distribution along the fiber make the Brillouin gain coefficient different in each point of the fiber. As a basic study of the Brillouin fiber optic gyro, its effect on lasing characteristics of a fiber Brillouin ring laser is formulated in the general form by using the statistical function and then calculation is done for typical values of the parameters. By suppressing the polarization-fluctuation-induced noise caused by the temperature, an example of the effect of the spatially distributed gain coefficient is experimentally demonstrated.

This paper deals with the scattering of a plane wave from a two-dimensional random thin film. For a Gaussian random disorder, a first order solution is derived explicitly by a probabilistic method. It is then found that ripples appear in angular distributions of the incoherent scattering. Furthermore, the incoherent scattering is enhanced in the directions of backscattering and specular reflection. Physical processes that yield such an enhanced scattering are discussed. Numerical examples of the coherent and incoherent scattering are illustrated in figures.

For the expansion of using the integral equation methods on wave-field analysis, a new method called "Source and Radiation Field Solution" is suggested. This solution uses a couple of integral equations. One of them is the traditional integral expression giving the scattered field from the wave source, another is newly proposed one which expresses the wave source from both of the source and the scattered field, by using the conjugate Green function expression. Therefore this method can derive both of the source and the scattered field at the same time by coupled two equations. For showing the effect of this method, we analyze scattering problems for dielectrics in this paper.

The problem of electromagnetic scattering by capacitive discontinuities located in rectangular waveguides, in particular when dealing with discontinuous conductors of finite thickness, is analyzed using the modified residue-calculus method, and form of the equation suitable for a numerical calculation is derived. The incident wave is taken to be the dominant mode, and reflection and transmission properties of an asymmetric capacitive iris are discussed. After the modal representation of the filed, the modal matching is apply to satisfy the boundary conditions at the discontinuity. And using the modified residue-calculus method, simultaneous infinite equations, which are concerned with the scattered mode coefficients, are derived. Then they are approximated at the thick diaphragm. The solutions obtained take on the form of an infinite product, and a numerical solution based on the method of successive approximations is presented as a technique for concretely determining the reflection coefficients. As confirmation, experiments are also carried out in the X-band and close agreement is shown between the calculated and experimental values.

44 matrix-based analysis of electromagnetic waves scattered by an infinite array of slots with polar-type anisotropic media are presented. In the analysis, the total fields are given as sum of the fields which exist even if the apertured plane are replaced by a ground plane and the fields scattered from the magnetic currents within the apertures. The scattered fields are expanded in terms of two-dimensional Floquet modes. Expression of each fields are obtained through eigenvalue problem for 44 coupled wave matrix. Unknown magnetic currents in the apertures are determined by applying Galerkin's method to the continuity condition about the magnetic fields in the apertures. Calculated results for isotropic cases are compared with other results for the complementary problem available in the literature using Babinet's principle. Further numerical calculations are performed in the case of gratings with polar-type anisotropic slab.

The robust statistics has recently been adopted by the computer vision community. Various robust approaches in the computer vision research have been proposed in the last decade for analyzing the image motion from the image sequence. Because of the frequent violation of the Gaussian assumption of the noise and the motion discontinuities due to multiple motions, the motion estimates based on the straightforward approaches such as the least squares estimator and the regularization often produces unsatisfactory result. Robust estimation is a promising approach to deal with these problems because it recovers the intrinsic characteristics of the original data with the reduced sensitivity to the contamination. Several previous works exist and report some isolated results, but there has been no comprehensive analysis. In this paper robust approaches to the optical flow estimation based on the maximum likelihood estimators are proposed. To evaluate the performance of the M-estimators for estimating the optical flow, comparative studies are conducted for every possible combinations of the parameters of three types of M-estimators, two types of residuals, two methods of scale estimate, and two types of starting values. Comparative studies on synthetic data show the superiority of the M-estimator of redescending ψ-function using the starting value of least absolute residuals estimator using Huber scale iteration, in comparison with the other M-estimators and least squares estimator. Experimental results from the real image experiments also confirm that the proposed combinations of the M-estimators handle the contaminated data effectively and produce the better estimates than the least squares estimator or the least absolute residuals estimator.

In this paper, oscillation modes produced in a Josephson circuit and its application to digital systems are described. The analysis is performed using an analog simulator to model the Josephson junction, in addition to computer simulation. The experimental results concerning oscillation modes agree well with the simulation results. The main advantage of the mapping for the oscillation modes is that it allows understanding of the relationships among oscillation modes and circuit parameters at first sight. In addition, a novel application of nonlinear oscillation to digital systems is described.

We propose in this paper a systematic way for analyzing discrete event dynamic systems to classify faults and failures quantitatively and to find tolerable fault event sequences embedded in the system. An automated failure diagnosis scheme with respect to the nominal normal operating event sequences and the supervisory control for tolerable fault event sequences are presented. Moreover the supervisor failure diagnosis with respect to the tolerable fault event sequences is considered. Finally, a case study of plasma etching system is described.

A new application of the factorization method is reported for 3-D shape reconstruction from endoscope image sequences. The feasibility of the method is verified with some theoretical considerations and results of extensive experiments. This method was developed by Tomasi and Kanade, and improved by Poelman and Kanade, with the aim of achieving accurate shape reconstruction by using a large number of points and images, and robustly applying well-understood matrix computations. However, the latter stage of the method, called normalization, is not as easily understandable as the use of singular value decomposition in the first stage. In fact, as shown in this report, many choices are possible for this normalization and a variety of results have been obtained depending on the choice. This method is easy to understand, easy to implement, and provides sufficient accuracy when the approximation used for the optical system is reasonable. However, the details of the theoretical basis require further study.