According to the development of optical communication technologies, it is getting easier to handle new devices, such as optical fibers, semiconductor light sources, guided wave devices, and optical integrated circuits. These devices have recently given considerable impact on the optical sensing field. The optical sensing shares the optical devices and the concepts of signal processing or system configuration with the optical communication. In this paper, the advanced lightwave sensing technology is discussed, considering the relation to the advanced optical communication technology. Distributed fiber sensors and the application of coherence characteristics of semiconductor light sources are the topics to be mainly discussed. In the distributed fiber sensors, the fiber plays both a role of low-loss transmission line and a role of lengthwise deployed sensing element. According to the change of characteristics of light propagating in the fiber, distribution of various physical parameters can be measured, such as the fiber loss, temperature, and strain. Optical Time Domain Reflectometry is employed to determine the location. Another tendency in the lightwave sensing field is the use of coherence characteristics of various semiconductor light sources. Low coherent source provide a highly sensitive inertial rotation sensor, that is, interferometric fiber optic gyroscope. Another type of optical gyroscope, optical passive ring-resonator gyro, has been studied as an application of a high coherence source. Frequency tunability of the semiconductor laser, especially that of tunable DFB or DBR lasers, can provide new ways in signal processing in the sensors. Optical coherence function can be synthesized also by utilizing the tunability. In conjunction with the progress in optical communication, lightwave sensing fields are steadily increasing.

This paper examines the key technologies and applications of optical frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It is clarified that a 100-channel OFDM system is feasible as a result of multichannel frequency stabilization, common optical amplification and channel selection utilizing a tunable optical filter. Transmission limitation due to fiber four-wave mixing is also described. Major functions and applications of the OFDM are summarized and the applicability of OFDM add/drop multiplexing is examined.

An application of wavelength conversion laser diodes (WCLDs) to a photonic cross-connect system using wavelength-division (WD) technology is presented. We propose a novel WD photonic cross-connect node architecture with multiwavelength selective filters. By using the filters, we can construct a nonblocking cross-connect switch by 2-stage connection. Next we describe the requirements to the optical devices in our switch, especially to the wavelength conversion devices in configuring a multistage connection of our switch. Finally, we have conducted the wavelength switching experiments using our wavelength conversion laser diode at a bit rate of 125Mb/s and shown its applicability to a WD photonic cross-connect system with over 3,000 channels.

This paper describes a new approach towards the performance-driven layout for analog LSIs. Based on our approach, we developed an automatic performance-driven layout system LIBRA. The performance-driven layout has an advantage that numerical evaluations of performance requirements may exactly specify layout requirements so that a better layout result will be expected with regard to both the size and the performances. As the first step to the final goal, we only concern with the DC characteristics of analog circuits affected by the placement and routing. First of all, LIBRA performs the sensitivity analysis with respect to process parameters and wire parasitics, which are major causes for DC performance deviations of analog LSIs, so as to describe every perfomance deviation by its first order approximation. Based on the estimations of those performance deviations, LIBRA designs the placement of devices. The placement approach here is the simulated annealing method driven by their circuit performance specification. The routing of inter-cell wires is performed according to the priority of the larger total wire sensitivities in the net by the maze router. Then, the simple compaction eliminates the empty space as much as possible. After that, the power lines optimization is performed so as to minimize the ferformance deviations. Finally, an advantage of the performance improvement by our approach is demonstrated by showing a layout result of a practical bipolar circuit and its excellent performance evaluations.

This paper outlines an approach for specifying emissions performance at the component level. The objective is to move towards an industry specification for radiated emissions from large integrated circuits in order to facilitate cost effective system design for EMI compliance. Simple models of the mechanisms of direct chip radiation are provided based on the physical and electrical structure of large integrated circuits. These models lead to simple algorithms for estimating the total IC radiation based on IC design parameters. These models can be related to proposed emissions limits based on the desired application of the IC. Finally a measurement methodology is described which permits evaluation of the IC's relative to the limits and provides the information required to make detailed simulation models.

First, a number of issues pertaining to analog VLSI implementation of Backpropagation (BP) and Deterministic Boltzmann Machine (DBM) learning algorithms are clarified. According to the results from software simulation, a mismatch between the activation function and derivative generated by independent circuits degrades the BP learning performance. The perfomance can be improved, however, by adjusting the gain of the activation function used to obtain the derivative, irrespective of the original activation function. Calculation errors embedded in the circuits also degrade the learning preformance. BP learning is sensitive to offset errors in multiplication in the learning process, and DBM learning is sensitive to asymmetry between the weight increment and decrement processes. Next, an analog VLSI architecture for implementing the algorithms using common building block circuits is proposed. The evaluation results of test chips confirm that synaptic weights can be updated up to 1 MHz and that a resolution exceeding 14 bits can be attained. The test chips successfully perform XOR learning using each algorithm.

This paper presents an automatic creation method of 3D facial models which are needed for facial image generation by 3D computer graphics. A 3D facial model of a specific person is obtained from just the front and side view images without any human operation. The method has two parts; feature extraction and generic model modification. In the feature extraction part, the regions or edges which express the facial features such as eyes, nose, mouth or chin outline are extracted from the front and side view images. A generic head model is then modified based on the position and shape of the extracted facial features in the generic model modification part. As a result, a 3D model for persons is obtained. By using the specific model and the front and side view images, texture-mapped facial images can be generated easily.

This paper investigates the compositionality of operational models for concurrency induced by labeled transition systems (LTS's). These models are defined on the basis of a metric domain first introduced by de Bakker and Zucker; the domain is a complete metric space consisting of tree-like structures called processes. Transition system specifications (TSS's) define LTS's; the set of states of such a LTS A is the set of terms generated by a signature Σ. For the syntactical operators F contained in Σ, semantic operations (on processes) associated with F are derived from the TSS S by which A is defined, provided that S satisfies certain syntactical restrictions. By means of these operations, the compositionality of the operational model induced by A is established. A similar result was obtained by Rutten from TTS's which define finitely branching LTS's. The main contribution of this paper is generalization of Rutten's result to be applicable to TSS's which are based on applicative languages including recursion, parameterized statements, and value passing, and which define infinitely branching LTS's. A version of typed λ-calculus incorporating µ-notation is employed as a formalism for treating recursion, parameterized statements, and value-passing. Infinitely branching LTS's are needed to treat programming languages including value passing such as CCS.

LOTOS is a language developed within ISO for the formal description of communication protocols and distributed systems. In LOTOS, requirements for a distributed system are called a "service specification". Each node exchanges synchronization messages to ensure the temporal ordering for the execution of events in a service specification. The actions of each node are described as a "protocol specification". This paper gives a survey for a method to derive protocol specifications from a service specification written in a LOTOS based language. In order to derive the protocol specifications, we make the syntax tree of a given service specification and give some attributes for each node in the tree. The protocol specifications are derived automatically by evaluating these attributes. The derived protocol specifications satisfy the given service specification. We also explain a LOTOS simulator for the execution of derived protocol specifications. The related works are also summarized.

A new model for a computer simulation of RF capacitive type hyperthermia has been developed by taking account of the following points. Blood flow is usually determined by many physiological parameters, but is regarded as a function of only blood temperature under some conditions. The temperature dependence of blood flow of tumors and normal tissues is assumed by referring the data obtained by Song et al. and Tanaka. The blood temperature which is elevated by externally applied power significantly affects temperatures of the body and the tumors. The transport of heat from the body surface is studied by considering air convection. These points are examined by experiments on a computer with simple phantom models and real patients. The results of simulation on the patient have shown a good agreement with clinical inspection based on CT images and a temperature of the stomach.

This paper discusses the trends and future issues in hardware description languages (HDL's) and high-level synthesis systems. First the importance of HDL's and high-level synthesis is described. Then, several HDL's and related CAD systems are briefly introduced. Finally, the requirements to future HDL's and highlevel synthesis systems are discussed from several points of view.

By close analogy of annealing for solids, we devise a new algorithm, called APS, for the time evolution of both the state and the synapses of the Hopfield's neural network. Through constrainedly random perturbation of the synapses of the network, the evolution of the state will ignore the tremendous number of small minima and reach a good minimum. The synapses resemble the microstructure of a network. This new algorithm anneals the microstructure of the network through a thermal controlled process. And the algorithm allows us to obtain a good minimum of the Hopfield's model efficiently. We show the potential of this approach for optimization problems by applying it to the will-known traveling salesman problem. The performance of this new algorithm has been supported by many computer simulations.

A current source with current switches (switched current source) is widely used in various analog ICs. One of its typical application is data converters. This paper describes an analysis of the transient behavior of a switched current source. The analysis has clarified conditions and causes of overshooting in the output waveform. The analysis also clarifies dependence of the settling time on parameters. The waveform heavily depends on time constant and initial charge at the internal node where current source and current switch are connected. They can cause the overshooting and limit the settling time. A phenomenon of acceleration of the settling time and an influence of the charge coupling through current switches are also discussed. A chart mentioned in this paper is useful for the initial design and the improvement of switched current sources.

For the efficient circuit simulation by the direct method, network tearing and latency techniques have been studied. This letter describes a circuit simulator SPLIT with hierarchical decomposition and latency. The block size of the latent subcircuit can be determined dynamically in SPLIT. We apply SPLIT to the MOS circuit simulation and verify its availability.

A Discrete Event System (DES) is a system that is modeled by a finite automaton. A Cooperating Discrete Event System (CDES) is a distributed system which consists of several local DESs which are synchronized with each other to accomplish its own goal. This paper describes the automatic synthesis of a CDES from a modular temporal logic specification. First, MPTS (Modular Practical Temporal Specification language) is proposed in which the new features (modular structure and domain specification) are appended to temporal logic. To overcome the "state explosion problem", which occurs in generating a global automaton in former synthesis methods using temporal logic, a compositional synthesis is proposed where automata are reduced at every composition step.

Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) and Shared Binary Decision Diagrams (SBDDs), which are improved BDDs, are useful for implementing VLSI logic design systems. Recently, these representations, which are graph representations of Boolean functions, have become popular because of their efficiency in terms of time and space. The forms of the BDD vary with the order of the input variables though they represent the same function. The size of the graphs greatly depends on the order. The variable ordering algorithm is one of the most important issues in the application of BDDs. In this paper, we consider methods which reduce the graph size by reordering input variables on a given BDD with a certain variable order. We propose the Minimum-Width Method which gives a considerably good order in a practicable time and space. In the method, the order is determined by width of BDDs as a cost function. In addition, we show the effect of combining our method with the local search method, and also describe the improvement using the threshold. Experimental results show that our method can reduce the size of BDDs remarkably for most examples. The method needs no additional information, such as the topological information of the circuit. The results can be a measure for evaluation of other ordering methods.

It is important to develop methods of measuring radiated electromagnetic interference level that will produce identical results at all measuring locations. We have considered a number of problems which prevent the achievement of identical results, and proposed some solutions. However, agreement of measurement values adequate for practical purposes has not been achieved. After our successive studies, we finally became aware that there is a causal relationship with changes in the line-to-ground impedance of the power supply. It is presumed that power cables of AC-powered devices operate as antenna elements that produce emission. Thus changes in the power line-to-ground impedance cause variations in the radiation efficiency to produce a different EMI level. We therefore made plans to measure the values of line-to-ground impedance at the AC power outlet for the frequency range of 100kHz to 500MHz at various locations where measurements are made of EMI from EUT (Equipment Under Test). The impedance varies greatly between 6ohms and 2 k-ohm, not only according to the frequency, but also according to the measurement location. In such cases, the EMI level shows a different value even with the same EUT, and it usually increases-especially for vertical polarization. We have developed a new type of LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Network or Artificial Mains Network) to stabilize the power line-to-ground impedance to get consistent measurement conditions. The LISN consists of feed-through capacitors and an disk type RF resistor. The measurements confirm the consistency in the impedance value which is maintained at 50 ohms in the frequency range from 1MHz to 500MHz. Thus the newly developed LISN improves consistency of measurement values at all locations, while it was difficult to obtain good correlation before employing the LISN. We feel confident that incorporation of the method discussed here in the pertinent technical standards of EMI measurements, such as CISPR, would lead to a major improvement in getting consistent measurements values.

Networks in this paper consist of non-commensurate transmission lines with branches and branching resistors at junctions. When signals on a transmission line are divided multiple ways at the junctions of branched lines, multiple reflection waves occur by the impedance mismatching. For the analysis of multiple reflections and network design, lattice diagrams have been used so far. However, the expansions of network transfer functions provide an easier way for the same purpose as in the case of lattice diagram. The output transient responses can be directly calculated from the expansions of network transfer functions or can be numerically calculated by software such as the fast Laplace transform. Therefore, once the network transfer functions are given, calculation of transient responses can be carried out quite easily. In this paper, the expansions of network transfer functions have been derived with respect to delay elements ξi=exp(-sτi) by formularizing the propagation of multiple reflection waves, and then the multi-variable rational network transfer functions have been obtained from the expansions. As an example, a 3-port transmission line network with normalized characteristic impedances 1, 1, 6 and normalized branching resistors 1/23, 1/23, 126/23 has been taken up. As the terminal resistances at output ports can be determined from the relation of the first arriving wave to the steady state, the design of 3-port transmission line networks which will furnish output waveforms similar to the waveform of the input within given tolerances has been considered. The output waveforms have been calculated for pure terminal resistances and for the pure terminal resistances plus parasitic parallel capacitances.

The aim of this article is to show the effectiveness of exploiting separability in numerical analysis of nonlinear systems. Separability is a valuable property of nonlinear mappings which appears with surprising frequency in science and engineering. By exploiting this property, computational complexity of many numerical algorithms can be substantially improved. However, this idea has not been received much attention in the fields of electronics, information and communication engineerings. In recent years, efficient algorithms that exploit the separability have been proposed in the areas of circuit analysis, homotopy methods, integer labeling methods, nonlinear programming, information theory, numerical differentiation, and neural networks. In this article, these algorithms are surveyed, and it is shown that considerable improvement of computational efficiency can be achieved by exploiting the separability.

Dynamic behavior of a distributed parameter system described by the one-dimensional wave equation with a nonlinear boundary condition is examined in detail using a graphical method proposed by Witt on a digital computer. The bifurcation diagram, homoclinic orbit and one-dimensional map are obtained and examined. Results using an analog simulator are introduced and compared with that of the graphical method. The discrepancy between these results is considered, and from the comparison among the bifurcation diagrams obtained by the graphical method, it is denoted that the energy dissipation in the system considerably restrains the chaotic state in the bifurcation process.