We propose a theory of general frame multiresolution analysis (GFMRA) which generalizes both the theory of multiresolution analysis based on an affine orthonormal basis and the theory of frame multiresolution analysis based on an affine frame to a general frame. We also discuss the problem of perfectly representing a function by using a wavelet frame which is not limited to being of affine type. We call it a "generalized affine wavelet frame." We then characterize the GFMRA and provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a generalized affine wavelet frame.

Synthesis tools are now extensively used in the VLSI circuit design process. They allow a much higher design productivity, but the designer often does not directly control the circuit structure. Thus, when circuits are dedicated to dependable applications, designers have difficulties in implementing manually the devices needed to obtain fault detection or tolerance capabilities. The ASYL-SdF System has been developed over the last few years in order to avoid this break in the design flow, and to facilitate the designer's work when dependability is targeted. This paper gives an overview of the resulting tool, its synthesis flow for fault detection and fault tolerance in Finite State Machines, its limitations and the current developments. Actual circuit implementation results are given in terms of area overheads, expected reliability and experimental fault detection coverage.

Gray scale images are represented by recurrent neural subnetworks which together with a competition layer create an associative memory. The single recurrent subnetwork Ni implements a stochastic nonlinear fractal operator Fi, constructed for the given image fi. We show that under realstic assumptions F has a unique attractor which is located in the vicinity of the original image. Therefore one subnetwork represents one original image. The associative recall is implemented in two stages. Firstly, the competition layer finds the most invariant subnetwork for the given input noisy image g. Next, the selected recurrent subnetwork in few (5-10) global iterations produces high quality approximation of the original image. The degree of invariance for the subnetwork Ni on the inprt g is measured by a norm ||g-Fi(g)||. We have experimentally verified that associative recall for images of natural scenes with pixel values in [0, 255] is successful even when Gaussian noise has the standard deviation σ as large as 500. Moreover, the norm, computed only on 10% of pixels chosen randomly from images still successfuly recalls a close approximation of original image. Comparing to Amari-Hopfield associative memory, our solution has no spurious states, is less sensitive to noise, and its network complexity is significantly lower. However, for each new stored image a new subnetwork must be added.

We consider a ring of n Rayleigh oscillators coupled hybridly. Using the symmetrical property of the system we demonstrate the degeneracy of the Hopf bifurcation of the equilibrium at the origin. The degeneracy implies the exstence and stability of the n-phase oscillation. We discuss some consequences of the perturbation of the symmetry. Then we study the case n = 3. We show the bifurcation diagram of the equilibria and of hte periodic solutions. Especially, we analyze the mechanism for the symmetry breaking bifurcation of the fully symmetric solution. We report and explain the occurrence of both chaotic attractors and repellors and show two types of symmetry recovering crisis they undergo.

A new type of guided-wave polarization splitter is proposed for the operation at optical frequencies. The basic structure of the device is a bifurcating waveguide fabricated in a uniaxial crystalline material such as LiNbO3. The splitting behavior of optical waves into two waves with mutually perpendicular directions of polarization by an optically anisotropic material is utilized in the branching section of the present polarization splitter. Once of the conspicuous features of the device is free of any electrical control via the electro-optic effects. Some numerical results obtained with the finite difference beam propagation method indicate that extinction ratios better than 20dB are possible of realization for both TE and TM modes.

In this paper, we propose a novel SPICE oriented steady-state analysis of nonlinear circuits based on the circuit partition technique. Namely, a given circuit is partitioned into the linear and nonlinear subnetworks by the application of the substitution theorem. Each subnetwork is solved using SPICE simulator by the different techniques of AC analysis and transient analysis, respectively, whose steady-state reponse is found by an iteration method. The novel points of our algorithm are as follows: Once the linear subnetworks are solved by AC analysis, each subnetwork is replaced by a simple equivalent RL or RC circuit at each frequency component. On the other hand, the reponse of nonlinear subnetworks are solved by transient analysis. If we assume that the sensitivity circuit is approximated at the DC operational point, the variational value will be also calculated from a simple RL ro RC circuit. Thus, our method is very simple and can be also applied to large scale circuits, effciently. To improve the convergency, we introduce a compensation technique which is usefully applied to stiff circuits containing components such as diodes and transistors.

This paper describes a waveform relaxationbased coupled lossy transmission line circuit simulator DESIRE3T+. First, the generalized method of characteristics (GMC) is reviewed, which replaces a lossy transmission line with an equivalent disjoint network. Next, the generalized line delay window (GLDW) partitioning technique is proposed, which accelerates the transient analysis of the circuits including transmission lines replaced by GMC model. Finally GMC model and GLDW technique are implemented in hte relaxation-based circuit simulator DESIRE3T+ which can analyze bipolar transistor circuits by using the dynamic decomposition technique, and the performance is estimated.

We investigate bifurcations of the periodic solution observed in a phase converter circuit. The system equations can be considered as a nonlinear coupled system with Duffing's equation and an equation describing a parametric excitation circuit. In this system there are two types of solutions. One is with x = y = 0 which is the same as the solution of Duffing's equation (correspond to uncoupled case), another solution is with xy0. We obtain bifurcation sets of both solutions and discuss how does the coupling change the bifurcation structure. From numerical analysis we obtain a codimension two bifurcation which is intersection of double period-doubling bifurcations. Pericdic solutions generated by these bifurcations become chaotic states through a cascade of codimension three bifurcations which are intersections of D-type of branchings and period-doubling bifurcations.

In this study, some oscillators with different oscillation frequencies, N - 1 oscillators have the same oscillation frequency and only the Nth oscillator has different frequency, coupled by a resistor are investigated. At first we consider nonresonance. By carrying out circuit experiments and computer calculations, we observe that oscillation of the Nth oscillator stops in some range of the frequency ratio and that others are synchronized as if the Nth oscillator does not exist. These phenomena are also analyzed theoretically by using the averaging method. Secondly, we investigate the resonance region where the fiequency ratio is nearly equal to 1. For this region we can observe interesting double-mode oscillation, that is, synchronization of envelopes of the double-mode oscillation and change of oscillation amplitude of the Nth oscillator.

Synchronization and chaos of the oscillator circuit that is composed of two Duffing-Rayleigh oscillators coupled by resistor are investigated. The characteristic feature of this system is that the cubic nonlinear restoring force of each oscillator. The restoring force causes the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation with various synchronizations in the parameter plane. We clarify the bifurcation structure related with this nonlinear phenomenon, and study the chaotic state and its bifurcation process. Especially, we deals with the case that the symmetrical property is broken by changing system parameters.

Various applications of cellular neural network (CNN) are reported such as a feature extraction of the patterns, an extraction of the edges or corners of a figure, noise exclusion, searching in maze and so forth. In this paper, we propose a cellular neural network whose each cell has more than two output levels. By using the output function which has several saturated levels, each cell turns to have several output states. The multiple-valued CNN enhances its associative memory function so as to express various kinds of aspects. We report an application of the enhanced asscociative memory function to a diagnosis of the liver troubles.

A method is presented for detecting impulsive noises in chaotic time series, based on a new nonlinear prediction algorithm. A multi-dimensional trajectory is reconstructed from a time series using delay coordinates. The future value of a point on the trajectory is predicted using a local approximation technique revised by adding the Biweight estimation method and then the prediction error is calculated. Impulsive noises are detected by examining the prediction errors for all points on the trajectory. The proposed method is applied to the time series of the pupil area and the refractive power of the lens in the human eye. The Lyapunov exponent analysis for thses time series is conducted. As a result, it is shown that the proposed method is effective in detecting impulsive noises caused by blinking in these time series.

Chaos shift keying (CSK) is a modulation method in digital communication systems using chaotically modulated signals. This paper proposes novel CSK which utilizes two types of chaotic synchronization called in-phase and anti-phase chaotic synchronization. In this method, binary signals are mapped into two phases of chaotic synchronization, and a transmitter generates a two-phase-shift-keyed chaotic signal. So it will be called chaotic phase shift keying (CPSK) in this paper. This method is simpler than that based on two pairs of different chaotic systems. We also discuss an effect of noise in transmission lines.

This paper presents an overview of research activities in Japan in the field of very low bit-rate video coding. Related research based on the concept of "intelligent image coding" started in the mid-1980's. Although this concept originated from the consideration of a new type of image coding, it can also be applied to other interesting applications such as human interface and psychology. On the other hand, since the beginning of the 1990's, research on the improvement of waveform coding has been actively performed to realize very low bit-rate video coding. Key techniques employed here are improvement of motion compensation and adoption of region segmentation. In addition to the above, we propose new concepts of image coding, which have the potential to open up new aspects of image coding, e.g., ideas of interactive image coding, integrated 3-D visual communication and coding of multimedia information considering mutual relationship amongst various media.

The problem of electromagnetic scattering by capacitive discontinuities located in rectangular waveguides, in particular when dealing with discontinuous conductors of finite thickness, is analyzed using the modified residue-calculus method, and form of the equation suitable for a numerical calculation is derived. The incident wave is taken to be the dominant mode, and reflection and transmission properties of an asymmetric capacitive iris are discussed. After the modal representation of the filed, the modal matching is apply to satisfy the boundary conditions at the discontinuity. And using the modified residue-calculus method, simultaneous infinite equations, which are concerned with the scattered mode coefficients, are derived. Then they are approximated at the thick diaphragm. The solutions obtained take on the form of an infinite product, and a numerical solution based on the method of successive approximations is presented as a technique for concretely determining the reflection coefficients. As confirmation, experiments are also carried out in the X-band and close agreement is shown between the calculated and experimental values.

44 matrix-based analysis of electromagnetic waves scattered by an infinite array of slots with polar-type anisotropic media are presented. In the analysis, the total fields are given as sum of the fields which exist even if the apertured plane are replaced by a ground plane and the fields scattered from the magnetic currents within the apertures. The scattered fields are expanded in terms of two-dimensional Floquet modes. Expression of each fields are obtained through eigenvalue problem for 44 coupled wave matrix. Unknown magnetic currents in the apertures are determined by applying Galerkin's method to the continuity condition about the magnetic fields in the apertures. Calculated results for isotropic cases are compared with other results for the complementary problem available in the literature using Babinet's principle. Further numerical calculations are performed in the case of gratings with polar-type anisotropic slab.

This paper presents the scattering characteristics of a TE electromagnetic plane wave by metallic strip gratings on an optically plasma-induced silicon slab at millimeter wave frequencies. The characteristics were analyzed by using the spectral domain Galerkin method and estimated numerically. We examined to control the resonance anomaly by changing the optically induced plasma density, and the metallic strip grating structures were fabricated on highly resistive silicon. The optical control characteristics of the reflection, and the forward scattering pattern by the grating structures, were measured at Q band and are discussed briefly with theory.

The thermal and/or the tensile strain distribution along the fiber make the Brillouin gain coefficient different in each point of the fiber. As a basic study of the Brillouin fiber optic gyro, its effect on lasing characteristics of a fiber Brillouin ring laser is formulated in the general form by using the statistical function and then calculation is done for typical values of the parameters. By suppressing the polarization-fluctuation-induced noise caused by the temperature, an example of the effect of the spatially distributed gain coefficient is experimentally demonstrated.

Process-related variation of optimal noise figures (Fo) in pulse-doped GaAs MESFET's is discussed in this paper. Fluctuation in gate length of the proposed devices is shown to be a dominant source of variation in noise parameters. The statistical distribution of the optimal noise figure is modeled by using the gaussian approximation of the distribution in gate length; the probability density function of Fo is derived. A comparison between the calculated results by the derived probability density function and the measured distribution of Fo showed good agreement.

Entire systems on a chip (SOCs) embodying a processor, memory, and system-specific peripheral hardware are now an everyday reality. The current generation of SOC designers are driven more than ever by the need to lower chip cost, while at the same time being faced with demands to get designs to market more quickly. It was to support this new community of designers that we developed Satsuki-an integrated processor synthesis and compiler generation system. By allowing the designer to tune the processor design to the bitwidth and performance required by the application, minimum cost designs are achieved. Using synthesis to implement the processor in the same technology as the rest of the chip, allows for global chip optimization from the perspective of the system as a whole and assures design portability. The integral compiler generator, driven by the same parameters used for processor synthesis, promotes high-level expression of application algorithms while at the same time isolating the application software from the processor implementation. Synthesis experiments incorporating a 0.8 micron CMOS gate array have produced designs ranging from a 45 MHz, 1,500 gate, 8-bit processor with a 4-word register file to a 31 MHz, 9,800 gate, 32-bit processor with a 16-word register file.