A low complexity minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over time-varying channels is presented. It uses a small matrix of dominant partial channel information and recursive calculation of matrix inverse to significantly reduce the complexity. Theoretical analysis and simulations results are provided to validate its significant performance or complexity advantages over the previously published MMSE equalizers.

Cognitive Radios (CRs) are expected to perform more significant role in the view of efficient utilization of the spectrum resources in the future wireless communication networks. In this paper, a cognitive radio coexisting with cellular systems is proposed. In the case that a cellular system adopts Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) as a multiplexing scheme, the proposed CR terminals communicate in local area on uplink channels of the cellular system with transmission powers that don't interfere with base stations of the cellular system. Alternatively, in the case that a cellular system adopts Time Division Duplex (TDD), the CR terminals communicate on uplink slots of the cellular system. However if mobile terminals in the cellular system are near the CR network, uplink signals from the mobile terminals may interfere with the CR communications. In order to avoid interference from the mobile terminals, the CR terminal performs carrier sense during a beginning part of uplink slot, and only when the level of detected signal is below a threshold, then the CR terminal transmits a signal during the remained period of the uplink slot. In this paper, both the single carrier CR network that uses one frequency channel of the cellular system and the multicarrier CR network that uses multiple frequency channels of the cellular system are considered. The probabilities of successful CR communications, the average throughputs of the CR communications according to the positions of the CR network, and the interference levels from cognitive radio network to base stations of the cellular system are evaluated in the computer simulation then the effectiveness of the proposed network is clarified.

In this letter, we analyze symbol error probability (SEP) and diversity gain of orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) in spatially correlated Rician fading channel. We derive the moment generating function (MGF) of an effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver and use it to derive the SEP for M-PSK modulation. We use this result to show that the diversity gain is achieved by the product of the rank of the transmit and receive correlation matrix, and the loss in array gain is quantified as a function of the spatial correlation and the line of sight (LOS) component.

Implementation of RFID reader/writer on software defined radio is studied in this paper. The target RFID is ISO18000-3 mode 2 which has 8 reply channels for simultaneous communication with 8 different RFID tags. In the software defined radio architecture, the 8 reply channels are sampled at a single A/D converter and separated by digital down converters, whereas conventional RFID architecture has redundant 8 parallel analog down converters. A novel multi-stage transmultiplexing digital down converter is proposed for efficient implementation of multi-channel digital down converter. Moreover the proposed architecture is implemented on a FPGA evaluation board, and validity of the system is confirmed on a real hardware. The proposed architecture can be applied to multi-channel receiver for dynamic spectrum system in the cognitive radio.

In recent years, certain countermeasures against differential power analysis (DPA) at the logic level have been proposed. Recently, Popp and Mangard proposed a new countermeasure-masked dual-rail pre-charge logic (MDPL); this countermeasure combines dual-rail circuits with random masking to improve the wave dynamic differential logic (WDDL). They claimed that it could implement secure circuits using a standard CMOS cell library without special constraints for the place-and-route method because the difference between the loading capacitances of all the pairs of complementary logic gates in MDPL can be compensated for by the random masking. In this paper, we particularly focus on the signal transition of MDPL gates and evaluate the DPA-resistance of MDPL in detail. Our evaluation results reveal that when the input signals have different delay times, leakage occurs in the MDPL as well as WDDL gates, even if MDPL is effective in reducing the leakage caused by the difference in loading capacitances. Furthermore, in order to validate our evaluation, we demonstrate a problem with different input signal delays by conducting measurements for an FPGA.

HMAC is one of the most famous keyed hash functions, and widely utilized. In order to design secure hash functions, we often use PGV construction consisting of 64 schemes, each of which utilizes a block cipher. If the underlying block cipher is ideal, 12 schemes are proven to be secure. In this paper, we evaluate the security of these schemes in view of side channel attacks. As it turns out, HMACs based on 11 out of 12 secure PGV schemes are vulnerable to side channel attacks, even if the underlying block cipher is secure against side channel attacks. These schemes are classified into two groups based on their vulnerabilities. For the first group which contains 8 schemes, we show that the attacker can reveal the whole key of HMAC, and selectively forge in consequence. For the other group which contains 3 schemes, we specify the importance of the execution sequence for the inner operations of the scheme, and refine it. If wrong orders of operations are used, the attacker can reveal a portion of the key of HMAC. Hence, the use of HMACs based on such PGV schemes as they are is not recommended when the resistance against side channel attacks is necessary.

Various space time code (STC) designs have been proposed to obtain full diversity at full rate in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels for uncoded systems. However, commercial wireless systems typically employ powerful channel codes such as turbo codes and low density parity check (LDPC) codes together with an STC. For these applications, an STC optimized for uncoded systems may not provide the best performance. In this paper, an STC with relatively good performance over a wide range of code rates is proposed. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed robust STC is very close to the best performance of the SM and the Golden code in various code rates.

Eavesdropping on backward channels in RFID environments may cause severe privacy problems because it means the exposure of personal information related to tags that each person has. However, most existing RFID tag security schemes are focused on the forward channel protections. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective method to solve the backward channel eavesdropping problem based on Randomized-tree walking algorithm for securing tag ID information and privacy in RFID-based applications. In order to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme, we derive two performance models for the cases when CRC is used and not used. It is shown that the proposed method can lower the probability of eavesdropping on backward channels near to '0.'

Instead of pilot tones, the impulse sample is exploited for channel estimation in Impulse Postfix OFDM systems [1]. As the magnitude of impulse sample is increased, the accuracy of channel estimation can be enhanced, but it may significantly increase the PAPR of generated OFDM symbols. In this letter, based on the statistical analysis of the generated OFDM symbol, we propose a decision scheme for determining the magnitude of impulse sample. By using the proposed scheme, we can determine the magnitude of impulse sample that provides the enhancement of BER performance as well as the avoidance of PAPR increase. The validation of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by computer simulations.

For coherent detection, decoding Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC) requires full channel state information at the receiver, which basically is obtained by channel estimation. However, in practical systems, channel estimation errors are inevitable and may degrade the system performance more as the number of antennas increases. This letter shows that, using fewer receive antennas can enhance the performance of OSTBC systems in presence of channel estimation errors. Furthermore, a novel adaptive receive antenna selection scheme, which adaptively adjusts the number of receive antennas, is proposed. Performance evaluation and numerical examples show that the proposed scheme improves the performance obviously.

Most studies into multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems have aimed at determining the capacity-achieving (CA) input covariance given a certain degree of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and/or the receiver side. From the practical perspective, however, there is a growing interest in investigating the scenario where the system performance is power-limited as opposed to rate-limited. Of particular concern is the open problem of solving the optimal power-saving (PS) input covariance for spatially correlated MIMO channels when only the long-term (slow-varying) channel spatial covariance information is available at the transmitter. In an attempt to achieve this goal, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the optimal PS input covariance given the knowledge of channel spatial covariance information and the rate constraint of the transmission. Sufficient and necessary conditions of the optimal PS input covariance are derived. By considering the large-system regimes, we further devise an efficient iterative algorithm to compute the asymptotic optimal PS input covariance. Numerical results will show that the asymptotic solution is very effective in that it gives promising results even for MIMO systems with only a few antennas at the transmitter and the receiver.

The performance of multiuser MIMO downlink systems with block diagonalization (BD) relies on the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter to a great extent. For time division duplex TDD systems, the transmitter estimates the CSI while receiving data at current time slot and then uses the CSI to transmit at the next time slot. When the wireless channel is time-varying, the CSI for transmission is imperfect due to the time delay between the estimation of the channel and the transmission of the data and severely degrades the system performance. In this paper, we propose a linear method to suppress the interferences among users and data streams caused by imperfect CSI at transmitter. The transmitter first sends pilot signals through a linear spatial precoding matrix so as to make possible that the receiver can estimate CSI of other users, and then the receiver exploits a linear prefilter to suppress the interference. The numerical results show that the proposed schemes achieve obvious performance enhancement in comparison to the BD scheme with imperfect CSI at the transmitter.

This paper proposes physical channel structures and a cell search method for OFDM based radio access in the Evolved UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) downlink, which supports multiple scalable transmission bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz. In the proposed physical channel structures, the central sub-carrier of the OFDM signal is located on the frequency satisfying the 200-kHz raster condition regardless of the transmission bandwidth of the cell site. Moreover, the synchronization channel (SCH) and broadcast channel (BCH), which are necessary for cell search, are transmitted in the central part of the entire transmission spectrum with a fixed bandwidth. In the proposed cell search method, a user equipment (UE) acquires the target cell in the cell search process in the initial or connected mode employing the SCH and possibly the reference signal, which are transmitted in the central part of the given transmission bandwidth. After detecting the target cell, the UE decodes the common control information through the BCH, which is transmitted at the same frequency as the SCH, and identifies the transmission bandwidth of the cell to be connected. Computer simulations show the fast cell search performance made possible by using the proposed SCH structure and the cell search method.

In this paper, we propose an adaptive guard symbol insertion method for one-cell reuse TDMA cellular systems in which co-channel interference is reduced by adaptively selecting the best transmit-pulse waveform with different guard (null-) symbols according to the average error power (AEP) corresponding to signal-to-interference and noise power ratio (SINR), even though the same frequency channel is used at all base stations. Using the proposed system, current TDMA-based systems are readily extensible to one-cell reuse systems, which achieves higher spectrum efficiency. The system capacity is enhanced using the proposed method; moreover, the required qualities such as blocking probability and outage probability are retained.

We consider power and rate adaptations in multicarrier (MC) direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) communications under the assumption that channel state information is provided at both the transmitter and the receiver. We propose, as a power allocation strategy in the frequency domain, to transmit each user's DS waveforms over the user's sub-band with the largest channel gain, rather than transmitting identical DS waveforms over all sub-bands. We then adopt channel inversion power adaptation in the time domain, where the target user's received power level maintains at a fixed value. We also investigate rate adaptation in the time domain, where the data rate is adapted such that a desired transmission quality is maintained. We analyze the BER performance of the proposed power and rate adaptations with fixed average transmission power, and show that power adaptation in both the frequency and the time domains or combined power adaptation in the frequency domain and rate adaptation in the time domain make significant performance improvement over the power adaptation in the frequency domain only. We also compare the performance of the proposed power and rate adaptation schemes in MC-DS/CDMA systems to that of power and rate adapted single carrier DS/CDMA systems with RAKE receiver.

The classical 4-phase constant-amplitude zero-autocorrelation (CAZAC) sequence with the length of 16 has been used for multifarious purposes such as channel estimation and frequency/timing synchronizations since it presents good performance even in low signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. However, as multiple transmit antennas are employed, its properties are easily destroyed by the effect of multipath. In this letter, we propose a technique which ensures that the conventional CAZAC sequence is reliable in a multi-antenna system by inserting nulls. The performance of the modified sequence is verified through the mean s quare error (MSE) performance with the least squares (LS) method.

A simplified equalization method based on the band structure of the frequency domain channel matrix is proposed for the single carrier systems employing cyclic prefix (SC-CP) over time-varying wireless channels. Using both theoretical analysis and computer simulation, it is shown that the complexity of this method is proportional to the number of symbols in one SC-CP block and is less than that of traditional block equalization methods. We also show that they have similar performance.

In this letter, we propose an efficient scheme for combining scheduling and channel allocation functions in multi-channel systems such as an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). In our approach, the scheduling function is embedded in the channel allocation function in an implicit manner, and the implicit scheduler only translates quality-of-service (QoS) requirements into a set of constraints on channel allocation. The channel allocation problem is then formulated as a linear programming (LP) problem, and the optimal solution can be easily obtained through various LP algorithms. Through extensive numerical experiments, it is demonstrated that the proposed scheme can maximize the cell throughput under the given QoS requirements.

This paper presents an ultra wideband (UWB) channel sounding scheme with a technique for estimating time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival (AOA) using measurement signals. Since the power spectrum over the UWB bandwidth can be measured in advance, we propose a signal model using the measurement power spectrum to design the proper UWB signals model. This signal model is more similar to measurement signals than the flat spectrum model which is an ideal model. If more than three waves impinge on a receiver, we must determine the proper grouping of the elements of TOA vector and AOA vector. It is difficult to determine the grouping using only measurement signals because of many degradation factors. We also propose pairing the elements of TOA vector and that of AOA vector using correlation method based on measurement signals and the proposed signal model. This technique is available for more than the case of three paths if pairing the estimated TOAs and AOAs of measurement signals is not accurately determined. We evaluated the proposed techniques for a vector network analyzer (VNA) with a three-dimensional virtual antenna array.

In a frequency-selective multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, the optimum transmission is achieved by beamforming with eigenvectors obtained at each discrete frequency point, i.e., an extension of eigenbeam-space division multiplexing (E-SDM). However, the calculation load of eigenvalue decomposition at the transmitter increases in proportion to the number of frequency points. In addition, frequency-independent eigenvectors increase the delay spread of the effective channel observed at the receiver. In this paper, we propose a pseudo eigenvector scheme for the purpose of mitigating the calculation load and maintaining frequency continuity (or decreasing the delay spread). First, we demonstrate that pseudo eigenvectors reduce the delay spread of the effective channels with low computational complexity. Next, the practical performance of the pseudo E-SDM (PE-SDM) transmission is evaluated. The simulation results show that PE-SDM provides almost the same or better performance compared with E-SDM when the receiver employs a time-windowing-based channel estimation available in the low delay spread cases.