Comparison of intelligent and random testing in data inputting is still under discussion. Little is also known about testing for the whole software and empirical testing methodology when random testing used. This study research not only for data inputting testing, but also operation of software (called transitions) in order to test the whole GUI software by intelligent and random testing. Methodology of this study is that we attempt to research efficiency of random and intelligent testing by Chinese postman problem. In general, random testing is considered straightforward but not efficient. Chinese postman problem testing is complicated but efficient. The comparison between random and intelligent testing would give further recommendation for software testing methodology.

We investigated growth conditions of the ReO3 thin films, as a first step of establishment of artificial superconducting multi-layer with the infinite layer cuprate and ReO3. The layers of ReO3 were expected to work as a charge reservoir block. The films were deposited from a Re metal target by off-axis reactive sputtering. Conductive and preferentially (100) oriented ReO3 thin films were obtained by in-situ post-annealing. The lowest resistivity was 4.4 10-5 ohmcm at room temperature.

This letter proposes a millimeter-wave band transformer to connect a standard waveguide to a very thin post-wall waveguide. The post-wall waveguide height is the same as a microstrip or coplanar line. A dielectric substrate with slits etched on both edges is inserted in the standard waveguide for matching. A 22 GHz transformer gives 3.6% bandwidth for a 0.5 mm-height post-wall waveguide. The effects of various mechanical misalignments upon the frequency characteristics of the reflection are also estimated by analysis and measurements.

This paper proposes the design of a physically accurate spine model and its application to estimate three dimensional spine posture from the frontal and lateral views of a human body taken by two conventional video cameras. The accurate spine model proposed here is composed of rigid body parts approximating vertebral bodies and elastic body parts representing intervertebral disks. In the estimation process, we obtain neck and waist positions by fitting the Connected Vertebra Spheres Model to frontal and lateral silhouette images. Then the virtual forces acting on the top and the bottom vertebrae of the accurate spine model are computed based on the obtained neck and waist positions. The accurate model is deformed by the virtual forces, the gravitational force, and the forces of repulsion. The model thus deformed is regarded as the current posture. According to the preliminary experiments based on one real MR image data set of only one subject person, we confirmed that our proposed deformation method estimates the positions of the vertebrae within positional shifts of 3.2 6.8 mm. 3D posture of the spine could be estimated reasonably by applying the estimation method to actual human images taken by video cameras.

Proxy caches have been used for a very long time to enhance the performance of web access. Along with the recent development of CDN (Content Distribution Network), the web proxy caching has also been adopted in many main techniques. This paper presents a new viewpoint on the possible improvement to the cooperative proxy caching, which can reduce outbound traffic and therefore ideally result in better response time. We take notice to the regional total cost of cache objects for optimizing content distribution. By contrast to the regular removal policies based on single proxy server, we prefer to evaluate a retrieved web object based on the metrics gathered from multiply proxy caches regionally. We particularly introduce a concept called post-removal analysis, which is used in measuring the value of the removed objects. Finally, we use the real proxy cache Squid to implement our proposal and modify the well-known cache benchmarking tool Web Polygraph to test this cooperative prototype. The test results prove that the proposed scheme can bring noticeable improvement on the performance of proxy caching.

The case postpositions usually have more than one semantic role in Korean. The adverbial postpositions among various postpositions especially make the development of Korean-based machine translation system difficult, because they have more semantic roles than others. In this paper, we describe a new method for resolving semantic ambiguities of adverbial postpositions using decision tree induction. The lack of training examples in decision tree induction is overcome by clustering words into classes using a kind of greedy algorithm. The cross validation results show that the presented method achieves 76.5% of accuracy on the average, which is 20.3% improvement over the baseline method.

An element consist of a slot and a post is designed for canceling the reflection in a rectangular waveguide by the method of moments. For reducing the computation time in practical design of the element with a wide range of coupling strength for an array, only the axial uniform currents on the post surface are considered. This approximation is valid when the post for reflection-canceling is far enough from the slot. The post location is determined by this simple analysis for both transverse and longitudinal slots with typical coupling strength. Measured results using 4 GHz-band standard waveguides reveal that the assumption of uniform line currents on the post surface is acceptable. The design is further extended to demonstrate its applicability to a practical array design by considering a wide range of coupling strength.

In provisioning packet data service on wireless cellular networks, a scheme of altering connection status between mobile and base stations appeared with an effort to utilize resource during idle periods. A critical issue in such scheme of sojourn and transition on the connection states is to determine a maximum time to sojourn at each state. An excessive sojourn time leads to resource invasion by inactive stations, while a high cost of re-establishing connection components is imposed by an insufficient sojourn. Thus, the maximum sojourn times must be optimized in consideration of the two conflicting arguments. In this paper, we consider a generic scheme of connection status transitions and formulate a decision problem to determine maximum sojourn times by introducing a loss function which reflects the cost of connection re-establishment as well as the loss induced by inefficient resource usage. From the decision problem, we derive an optimal value for maximum sojourn time, identified as Bayes rule, by observing the delay time of last packet to have posterior information about the length of upcoming idle period. From the analytical results, we show the Bayes sojourn time is trivial under a constraint on loss coefficients when packet arrivals follow a Poisson process.

The authors proposed a switching beam slot array antenna with a 4-way Butler matrix. All are integrated in one substrate with post-wall waveguide techniques. The planar Butler matrix is realized by using short slot directional couplers (cross coupler). Experiments in 26GHz band confirmed the key operation of this antenna; almost identical four beams are switched to cover the total of horizontal 90-degree sector with equal angular spacing.

In the last three decades of the 20th Century, research in speech recognition has been intensively carried out worldwide, spurred on by advances in signal processing, algorithms, architectures, and hardware. Recognition systems have been developed for a wide variety of applications, ranging from small vocabulary keyword recognition over dial-up telephone lines, to medium size vocabulary voice interactive command and control systems for business automation, to large vocabulary speech dictation, spontaneous speech understanding, and limited-domain speech translation. Although we have witnessed many new technological promises, we have also encountered a number of practical limitations that hinder a widespread deployment of applications and services. On one hand, fast progress was observed in statistical speech and language modeling. On the other hand only spotty successes have been reported in applying knowledge sources in acoustics, speech and language science to improving speech recognition performance and robustness to adverse conditions. In this paper we review some key advances in several areas of speech recognition. A bottom-up detection framework is also proposed to facilitate worldwide research collaboration for incorporating technology advances in both statistical modeling and knowledge integration into going beyond the current speech recognition limitations and benefiting the society in the 21st century.

A postprocessing algorithm is presented for blocking artifact reduction in block-coded images using the adaptive filters along the pattern of neighborhood blocks. Blocking artifacts appear as irregular high-frequency components at block boundaries, thereby reducing the noncorrelation between blocks due to the independent quantization process of each block. Accordingly, block-adaptive filtering is proposed to remove such components and enable similar frequency distributions within two neighborhood blocks and a high correlation between blocks. This type of filtering consists of inter-block filtering to remove blocking artifacts at the block boundaries and intra-block filtering to remove ringing noises within a block. First, each block is classified into one of seven classes based on the characteristics of the DCT coefficient and MV (motion vector) received in the decoder. Thereafter, adaptive intra-block filters, approximated to the normalized frequency distributions of each class, are applied adaptively according to the various patterns and frequency distributions of each block as well as the filtering directions in order to reduce the blocking artifacts. Finally, intra-block filtering is performed on those blocks classified as complex to reduce any ringing noise without blurring the edges. Experimental tests confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

The authors propose a novel 3-way power divider named a planar cross-junction, which is used as the center feed for single-layer slotted waveguide arrays. A feeding waveguide consisting of a cascade connection of these dividers is placed at the middle of radiating waveguide in a single layer. The length of radiating waveguides is halved; the long line effect in traveling wave operation is halved and bandwidth is widened. One divider as a unit is designed by Galerkin's method of moments to suppress the reflection and to control the amplitude and the phase of the divided power into two radiating waveguides on both sides of a feed one. Two types of the cross-junction with a different divided power ratio are designed and tested by experiments in 4 GHz band. The mutual coupling effects between two adjacent cross-junctions as cascaded in a feeding waveguide of the array are predicted to be small enough; units designed here are directly applicable for a multiple-way power divider.

Co-containing ferrite thin-film media deposited by a reactive-ECR-sputtering at a low substrate temperature of 150 degree Celsius were oxidized by ECR plasma. The magnetic properties and recording characteristics of the media were improved by the oxidation with maintaining a smooth surface. The media showed high D50 of 203 kFRPI in MIG head recording and reproduction. The Co-containing ferrite thin-film is feasible to be used as a protective overcoat layer.

We examine a concatenated code which consists of a rate 1/2, 4-state turbo code (an inner code) and a single-parity-check product code (an outer code), and discuss the decoding structure called a double concatenated decoding scheme. From our Monte Carlo simulation trials, we show the advantage of the concatenated codes over turbo codes alone. Specifically, when we use an interleaver of 4096 bits, the Eb/No to obtain a BER of 10-6 is about 1.45 dB for the concatenated code. On the other hand, it is more than 2.5 dB for the turbo code alone. So, the Eb/No improvement can be achieved by about 1 dB. This improvement in Eb/No was also obtained for the interleavers of 8192 and 2048 bits. Therefore, the concatenated codes using a double concatenated decoding scheme can solve the problem of the BER flattening in decoding of turbo codes.

With increasing Internet traffic congestion, the provision of reliable transmission and packet loss recovery continues to be of substantial importance. In this paper, we analyze a new recovery method using punctured convolutional codes, demonstrating the simplicity and efficiency of the proposed method for the recovery of lost packets. The analysis provides a method for determining the recoverability and the post-reconstruction receiving rate for a given convolutional code. The exact expressions for calculating the recovery rate are derived for a number of convolutional codes and the (2, 1, m) punctured convolutional code. Where packet loss probabilities are in the range typically found in Internet transmissions, the convolutional code-based method delivers superior performance over the traditional parity method with the same redundancy.

Soft bit speech decoding, as a new approach of error concealment, is applied to the mixed excitation linear prediction (MELP) algorithm. Average residual redundancies of the quantized parameters are exploited in the error concealment process as an a priori knowledge of the source. Results show a significant SNR improvement for parameters decoded using the error concealment scheme.

This paper presents a high quality 4-kbit/s speech coding algorithm based on a CELP algorithm. The coder operates on speech frames of 20 ms. The algorithm has following four main features: multiple sub-codebooks, backward adaptive mode switching, dispersed-pulse structure, and noise post-processing. The multiple sub-codebooks consist of a pulse-codebook and a random-codebook so that they can handle both signals, noise-like (e.g. unvoiced, stationary noise) and pulse-like (e.g. voiced). The backward adaptive mode switching is performed using decoded parameters; therefore, no additional mode bit is transmitted. The random-codebook size is switched with the backward adaptively selected mode. The subjective quality of unvoiced speech or noise-like signal can be improved by this switching operation because the random-codebook size is greatly increased in such signal mode. The dispersed-pulse structure provides better performance of sparse pulse excitation using dispersed pulses instead of simple unit pulses. The noise post-processing employs a stationary background noise generator for producing stationary noise signal. It significantly improves subjective quality of decoded signal under various background noise conditions. Subjective listening tests are conducted in accordance with ACR and DCR tests. The ACR test results indicate that the fundamental performance of the MDP-CELP is equivalent to that of 32-kbit/s adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM). The DCR test results show that the performance of the MDP-CELP is equivalent to or better than that of 8-kbit/s conjugate-structure algebraic code excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP) under several background noise conditions.

We propose a transistor sizing method that downsizes MOSFETs inside a cell to eliminate redundancy of cell-based circuits as much as possible. Our method reduces power dissipation of detail-routed circuits while preserving interconnects. The effectiveness of our method is experimentally evaluated using 3 circuits. The power dissipation is reduced by 75% maximum and 60% on average without delay increase. Compared with discrete cell sizing, the proposed method reduces power dissipation furthermore by 30% on average.

Post annealing treatment for CoCrPt magnetic thin films were tried in different thermal conditions, by changing the time of annealing procedure. Coercivity (Hc) improvement was achieved in annealed sample compared with those as deposited, in which as high as 5.2 kOe has been attained. To clarify the mechanism of annealing treatment on the magnetic properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrums of those samples and their magnetic properties were carefully studied. Co and Cr lattice parameters were separately calculated from different crystal lattice plane. It was found that a axis lattice spacing of Co hexagonal structure increases monotonically with increased annealing time. Variation of Co hcp peaks significance may due to Cr or Pt redistribution in the crystal grains and its boundaries. Combined with the grain size analysis of Co-rich area by X-ray diffraction peak broaden width, which was not very consistent with the result obtained from other's TEM and AFM studies, Cr diffusion was suggested to be the governing factor at short annealing time region. Co-rich grain growth should also be applied to explain the variation of magnetic properties in longer post annealing.

In this paper, a general formula of disparity estimation based on Bayesian Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) algorithm is derived and implemented with simplified probabilistic models. The formula is the generalized probabilistic diffusion equation based on Bayesian model, and can be implemented into some different forms corresponding to the probabilistic models in the disparity neighborhood system or configuration. The probabilistic models are independence and similarity among the neighboring disparities in the configuration. The independence probabilistic model guarantees the discontinuity at the object boundary region, and the similarity model does the continuity or the high correlation of the disparity distribution. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm had good estimation performance. This result showes that the derived formula generalizes the probabilistic diffusion based on Bayesian MAP algorithm for disparity estimation. Also, the proposed probabilistic models are reasonable and approximate the pure joint probability distribution very well with decreasing the computations to O(n()) from O(n()4) of the generalized formula.