The full-band Monte Carlo technique is currently the most accurate device simulation method, but its usefulness is limited because it is very CPU intensive. This work describes efficient algorithms in detail, which raise the efficiency of the full-band Monte Carlo method to a level where it becomes applicable in the device design process beyond exemplary simulations. The k-space is discretized with a nonuniform tetrahedral grid, which minimizes the discretization error of the linear energy interpolation and memory requirements. A consistent discretization of the inverse mass tensor is utilized to formulate efficient transport parameter estimators. Particle scattering is modeled in such a way that a very fast rejection technique can be used for the generation of the final state eliminating the main cause of the inefficiency of full-band Monte Carlo simulations. The developed full-band Monte Carlo simulator is highly efficient. For example, in conjunction with the nonself-consistent simulation technique CPU times of a few CPU minutes per bias point are achieved for substrate current calculations. Self-consistent calculations of the drain current of a 60nm-NMOSFET take about a few CPU hours demonstrating the feasibility of full-band Monte Carlo simulations.

This paper presents a new technique for modeling High-Voltage lightly-doped-drain MOS (HV MOS) devices accurately with the BSIM3v3 SPICE model. Standard SPICE models do not model the voltage dependency of Rs and Rd in HV MOS devices; this causes large discrepancies between the simulated and measured I-V characteristics of HV MOS devices. We propose to assign physical meanings and values different from the original BSIM3v3 model to three of its parameters to represent the voltage dependency of Rs and Rd. With this method, we have succeeded in highly accurate parameter extraction, and the simulated I-V characteristics of HV MOS devices using the extracted parameters match the measured results well. The relationship between the proposed modeling technique and the physical mechanism of HV MOS devices is also discussed based on measurement and device simulation results. Since our method does not change any model equations of BSIM3v3, it can be applied to any SPICE simulator on which the BSIM3v3 model runs, so we can use SPICE simulation for accurate circuit design of complex circuits using HV MOS devices.

This paper describes an efficient SPICE netlist reduction method, which enables collective simulation of large circuits. The method reduces a SPICE netlist to only those devices which affect the simulation results. Parts of the netlist can be significantly reduced in size, with relatively discrepancies arising between the original SPICE simulation and the reduced SPICE simulation. The authors' reduction method is more general than previous works, since it reduces circuits using the features of MOS transistors. According to experimental results, reduction rates can range from 1/2 to 1/223. Depending on the reduction, the time taken time to run a SPICE simulation was reduced by between one and two oder of magnitude. Using this method and working on the reduced netlist, SPICE could even handle netlist for very large circuits which it could not ordinarily handle. The simulation error between the original SPICE simulation and the reduced SPICE simulation was about 3.5%.

Crosstalk from digital to analog circuits can be causative of operation fails in analog-digital mixed LSIs. This paper describes modeling techniques and simulation strategies of the substrate coupling noise. A macroscopic substrate noise model that expresses the noise as a function of logic state transition frequencies among digital blocks is proposed. A simulation system based on the model is implemented in the mixed signal simulation environment, where performance degradation of the 2nd order ΔΣADC coupled to digital noise sources is clearly simulated. These results indicate that the proposed behavioral modeling approach allows practicable full chip substrate noise simulation measures.

A method of visualization of multimodal images by one monochromatic image is presented on the basis of the projection pursuit approach of the inverse process of the anisotropic diffusion which is a method of image restoration enhancing contrasts at edges. The extension of the projection from a linear one to nonlinear sigmoidal functions enhances the contrast further. The deterministic annealing technique is also incorporated into the optimization process for improving the contrast enhancement ability of the projection. An application of this method to a pair of MRI images of brains reveals its promising performance of superior visualization of tissues.

This paper implements some new techniques to analyze the light beam scattering from a magneto-optical (MO) disk using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The anisotropic FDTD update equations are implemented to calculate the propagation of a coherent monochromatic light in the MO material. An anisotropic absorbing boundary condition based on Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML) concept is also developed. The Gaussian incident light beam is introduced into FDTD computation region exactly by using equivalent electric and magnetic currents. The scattering pattern of light beam from the MO disk is computed and in part compared with that obtained by using the boundary element method. The scattering patterns by the circular recording bit of different radius are calculated to indicate the optimum radius of the recording bit.

A homeotropic liquid crystal display utilizing a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy, 13. 3" XGA TFT-LCD, has been fabricated. The rubbing-free device, appears black in the absence of electric field. When an electric field generated by interdigital electrodes is applied, a bend deformation of molecular director to the direction of the field occurs and thus the cell transmits light, showing brightness uniformity in all directions owing to the dual domainlike director configuration. With an addition of negative-birefringent film, this device shows excellent viewing angle characteristics.

The performance of AC plasma displays has been improved in the area of brightness and contrast, while significant advances in image quality are still required for the HDTV quality. In particular, in full color motion video, motion artifacts and lack of color depth are still visible in some situations. These motional artifacts are mitigated as the number of the subfields increases, usually at the cost of losing brightness or increasing driving circuitry. Therefore, it is still one of our great concerns to find out the optimized subfield configuration through weighting and order of each subfield, and their coding of combination. For evaluation and improvement of motion picture disturbance, we have established a procedure that fully simulates the image quality of displays which utilize the subfield driving scheme. The simulation features virtually located sensor pixels on human retina, eye-tracking sensor windows, and a built-in spatial low pass filter. The model pixelizes the observers retina like a sensor chip in a CCD camera. An eye-tracking sensor window is assigned to every light emission from the display, to calculate the emissions from one to four adjoining pixels along the trajectory of motion. Through this model, a scene from original motion picture without disturbance is transformed into the still image with simulated disturbance. The integration of the light emission from adjoining pixels through the window, also functions as a built-in spatial low pass filter to secure the robust output, considering the MTF of the human eye. Both simulation and actual 42-in-diagonal PDPs showed close results under various conditions, showing that the model is simple, but reasonable. Through the simulation, general properties of the subfield driving scheme for gray scale have been elucidated. For example, a PWM-like coding offers a better performance than an MSB-split coding in many cases. The simulation also exemplifies the motion picture disturbance as a non-linear filter process caused by the dislocation of bit weightings, suggesting that tradeoffs between disturbance and resolution in motion area are mandatory.

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technique has been accepted as a basis for the future B-ISDN networks. In ATM networks, all information is packetized and transferred in small packets of fixed length, called cells. The packetized information transfer, without flow control between the user and the network and the use of statistical multiplexing, results in a need of a policing mechanism to control the traffic parameters of each virtual connection in order to guarantee the required quality of service (QoS). Policing of the peak cell rate is generally not complex and can be achieved by using a cell spacer or other policing mechanisms (PMs). Monitoring of the mean cell rate is more difficult, but is intended to improve the link utilization when it has to handle bursty traffic sources. Conventional PMs, such as the Leaky Bucket Mechanism (LBM) and Window Mechanisms (WMs), are not well suited to the bursty nature of the sources supported by ATM networks, therefore intelligent PMs are needed. In this paper, we propose a Fuzzy Policing Mechanism (FPM) for multimedia applications over ATM networks. We consider the case of still picture source control. The performance evaluation via simulation shows that the FPM efficiently controls the mean cell rate of the still picture source. The proposed FPM shows a good response behavior against parameter variations and the selectivity characteristics approach very close to the ideal characteristic required for a PM. The FPM has a better characteristic compared with the LBM.

The TMN that appears to operate the various communication networks generally and efficiently is developed under the different platform environment such as the different hardware and the different operating system. One of the main problems is that all the agents of the TMN system must be duplicated and maintain the software and the data blocks that perform the identical function. Therefore, the standard of the Q3 interface development cannot be defined and the multi-platform cannot be supported in the development of the TMN agent. In order to overcome these problems, the Farming methodology that is based on the Farmer model has been suggested. The main concept of the Farming methodology is that the software and the data components that are duplicated and stored in each distributed object are saved in the Platform Independent Class Repository (PICR) by converting into the format of the independent componentware in the platform, so that the componentwares that are essential for the execution can be loaded and used statically or dynamically from PICR as described in the framework of each distributed object. The distributed TMN agent of the personal communication network is designed and developed by using the Farmer model.

Various techniques of single-electron circuit simulation are presented. The subjects include visualization of state probabilities, accurate yet reasonably fast steady-state analysis and SPICE-based high-speed simulation for circuits composed of Single-Electron Transistors (SETs). The visualized state probabilities allow one to grasp the dynamics of a single-electron circuit intuitively. The new algorithm for steady-state analysis uses the master equation and Monte Carlo method in combination. We suppose this is the best way to perform steady-state analysis. The SPICE-based simulator significantly outperforms the conventional reference simulator in speed. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the only simulator that can simulate SET circuits for real applications. It also facilitates the study of the integration of SETs and MOSFETs.

A method for analyzing the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a general bianisotropic slab is presented by extending the author's previous approaches for anisotropic, chiral, and those periodic media. The analysis is formulated in a unified matrix form, so that scattering characteristics can be obtained by system matrix calculations. The method can be extended straightforwardly to multilayerd and periodic structures. The scattering efficiencies are obtained for the incidence of not only linearly polarized waves but also circularly polarized waves.

When moving images are displayed on color PDPs, motional artifacts such as disturbances of gray scales and colors are often observed. Reduction of the disturbances is essential in achieving PDPs with acceptable picture quality for TV use. The moving picture quality has been improved by using a modified-binary-coded light-emission-period scheme and a 3dimensional (2D in space and 1D in time) scattering technique. In the 10-sub-field modified-binary-code scheme for 256 gray level expression, sub-field B (of period equivalent to 64) and C (128) of conventional 8-sub-field binary-coded scheme are added and then re-distributed into four sub-fields D (48). The modifiedbinary-coded scheme therefore has the light-emitting-period ratio 1:2:4:8:16:32:48:48:48:48. The maximum period, 128 of the conventional, is reduced to 48. By using the modified-binary-coded scheme, the motional artifacts are reduced significantly, but still perceptible because they appear in forms of continuous lines. In order to make the disturbance less conspicuous, a 3D scattering technique is introduced. The technique has been made possible because of the redundancies of the modified-binary-coded scheme: namely, (1) the position of sub-field-block A (63) can be placed at one of the five positions among four sub-fields D (48), (2) there are various choices when newly assigning one of the four sub-fields D, (3) one can arbitrarily choose whether or not to assign a new sub-field D between the gray levels 48-63, 96-111, 144-160, and 192-207. By randomly selecting one of these emission patterns, the disturbances change their forms from continuous lines to scattered dots. The randomization can be performed at each horizontal line of the display, at each vertical line, at each pixel, of at each TV field. An appreciable improvement of moving picture quality has been realized without influencing the still image.

A suggestion for creating an excitable/oscillatory field with solid-state material is proposed. In essence, the idea is to make a spatial array of "mesoscopic particles" with the characteristics of a first-order phase transition. A theoretical computation shows that an auto-wave, or excitable wave, is generated in such an excitable field. A simple example of using this system as a diode in information flow is given.

In this paper, we propose a novel SPICE oriented steady-state analysis of nonlinear circuits based on the circuit partition technique. Namely, a given circuit is partitioned into the linear and nonlinear subnetworks by the application of the substitution theorem. Each subnetwork is solved using SPICE simulator by the different techniques of AC analysis and transient analysis, respectively, whose steady-state reponse is found by an iteration method. The novel points of our algorithm are as follows: Once the linear subnetworks are solved by AC analysis, each subnetwork is replaced by a simple equivalent RL or RC circuit at each frequency component. On the other hand, the reponse of nonlinear subnetworks are solved by transient analysis. If we assume that the sensitivity circuit is approximated at the DC operational point, the variational value will be also calculated from a simple RL ro RC circuit. Thus, our method is very simple and can be also applied to large scale circuits, effciently. To improve the convergency, we introduce a compensation technique which is usefully applied to stiff circuits containing components such as diodes and transistors.

44 matrix-based analysis of electromagnetic waves scattered by an infinite array of slots with polar-type anisotropic media are presented. In the analysis, the total fields are given as sum of the fields which exist even if the apertured plane are replaced by a ground plane and the fields scattered from the magnetic currents within the apertures. The scattered fields are expanded in terms of two-dimensional Floquet modes. Expression of each fields are obtained through eigenvalue problem for 44 coupled wave matrix. Unknown magnetic currents in the apertures are determined by applying Galerkin's method to the continuity condition about the magnetic fields in the apertures. Calculated results for isotropic cases are compared with other results for the complementary problem available in the literature using Babinet's principle. Further numerical calculations are performed in the case of gratings with polar-type anisotropic slab.

This paper verifies the accuracy of PO as applied to the scattering of dipole waves by a finite size reflector which is composed of strips on a grounded dielectric slab. By using the closed form expressions of reflected waves from the surface, PO calculation can be conducted straightforwardly. The calculated results are compared with the experimental ones for vertical and horizontal dipoles over a circular reflector.

Several two-dimensional largest common subpatterns (LCP) between pictures are defined and their computing methods are proposed. The time and space complexities of the computing methods are O(IJMN) to obtain the size of LCPs between a picture with IJ pixels and a picture with MN pixels. These LCPs can be used as similarity measures between pictures and can be applied to texture recognition and classification.

Arc discharge at switching contacts is one of the key phenomena, because it strongly affects material wear/transfer, contact resistance and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The arc discharge is classified into various types from the viewpoint of its sustaining mechanism and voltage waveform. They are mainly steady arc, showering arc and initial arc. Furthermore, a steady arc consists of two stages named metallic phase arc and gaseous phase arc. In the metallic, phase arc, metal ious from the electrodes mainly sustain the arc. On the other hand, gas ions from the surrounding atmosphere play an important role in the gaseous phase. Each phase arc has different influence on contact performance and EMI. The purpose of this paper is to review the arc discharges at light duty electrical contacts, and to survey the effects of arc discharges on material transfer and EMI.

Estimating the macroscopic demand for telephones is essential to long-term planning construction of telecommunication networks facilities. Although there are several useful forecast equations, they need some types and/or vast amounts of data that are sometimes unavailable, especially in developing countries. This paper presents a sophisticated telephone demand estimation technique that is based on the demands of residential and business users. It uses several parameters to estimate the increase in telephone demand. A simplified equation is also presented that is a function of only one parameter: normalized gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This simplified equation is shown to be useful by using data for more than ten countries.