This paper presents a method for land cover classification using the SIR-C/X-SAR imagery based on the maximum likelihood method and the polarimetric filtering. The main feature is to use polarimetric enhanced image information in the pre-processing stage for the classification of SAR imagery. First, polarimetric filtered images are created where a specific target is enhanced versus another, then the image data are incorporated into the feature vector which is essential for the maximum likelihood classification. Specific target classes within the SAR image are categorized according to the maximum likelihood method using the wavelet transform. Addition of polarimetric enhanced image in the preprocessing stage contributes to the increase of classification accuracy. It is shown that the use of polarimetric enhanced images serves efficient classifications of land cover.

Coupling in time domain between two non-parallel transmission lines of finite length is analyzed by using a circuit concept. Coupling equations based on the Maxwell's equations for lossless transmission lines in a homogeneous medium are written by a set of non-homogeneous differential equations including distributed source terms produced by external electromagnetic fields. The forcing terms are expressed by vector potentials generated by currents in the line section and at the transitions. A set of solutions in frequency domain is obtained by a four-port network expression with regard to the terminal voltages and currents, and can be applied to estimation of the frequency-domain crosstalk. Utilizing the inverse fast Fourier transform (FFT), the crosstalk responses between the lines is studied in time domain. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results shows the validity of the method.

The main defficulty in recognizing 3-D objects from 2-D images is matching 2-D information to the 3-D object representation. The multiple-view approach makes this problem easy to solve by reducing the problem to 2-D to 2-D matching problem. This approach models each 3-D object by a collection of 2-D views from various viewing angles and recognizes an object in the image by finding a 2-D view that has the best match to the image. However, if the size of the model database becomes large, the approach requires long time for the recognition of objects. In this paper we present a 3-D object recognition algorithm based on multiple-view approach. To reduce the recognition time, the proposed algorithm uses the coarse-to-fine process previously proposed by the authors and a genetic algorithm-based search scheme for the selection of a best matched model in the database. And, we could verify from the results of the experiments that the algorithm proposed in this paper is useful to speed up the recognition process in multiple-view based object recognition systems.

Recently, progress has been made in the area of electrical modeling of conductors embedded in arbitrary dielectrics using circuit oriented techniques. These models usually occur in conjunction with VLSI type circuits. Many different applications exist today for such models in the EMI, EIP (Electrical Interconnect and Package) analysis as well as for the microwave circuit area. Practical problems involve a multitude of hardware components and they demand a wide spectrum of both time as well as frequency domain solution techniques. In this paper we consider circuit oriented techniques for the solution of these problems. Specifically, we give an outline of the three dimensional Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) full wave modeling approach and review the recent progress in this area.

In this Letter, we investigate the loss performance of a discrete-time single-server queueing system with periodic vacations, with which we are often confronted in traffic control, such as cell scheduling or priority control schemes, at ATM nodes. Explicit expressions are derived for the cell loss ratio in terms of the distribution of the buffer contents in an infinite capacity queue.

Scattering data from radar targets are analyzed in the time-frequency domain by using wavelet transform, and the scattering mechanisms are investigated. The wavelet transform used here is a powerful tool for the analysis of scattering data, because it can provide better insights into scattering mechanisms that are not immediately apparent in either the time or frequency domain. First, two types of wavelet transforms that are applied to the time domain data and to the frequency domain data are defined, and the multi-resolution characteristics of them are discussed. Next, the scattering data from a conducting cylinder, two parallel conducting cylinders, a parallel-plate waveguide cavity, and a rectangular cavity in the underground are analyzed by using these wavelet transforms to reveal the scattering mechanisms. In the resulting time-frequency displays, the scattering mechanisms including specular reflection, creeping wave, resonance, and dispersion are clearly observed and identified.

In this paper a new class of single error-correcting fixed block-length (d, k) codes has been proposed. The correctable error types are peak-shift error, insertion or deletion error, symmetric error, etc. The basic technique to construct codes is a systematic construction algorithm of multilevel sequences with a constant Lee weight (TALG algorithm). The coding rate and efficiency are considerably good, and hence the proposed new codes will be very useful for improving the reliability of high density magnetic recording.

This paper describes a vision system with dual viewing angles, i. e., wide and narrow viewing angles, and a scheme of user-friendly speech dialogue environment based on the vision system. The wide viewing angle provides a wide viewing field for wide range motion tracking, and the narrow viewing angle is capable of following a target in wide viewing field to take the image of the target with sufficient resolution. For a fast and robust motion tracking, modified motion energy (MME) and existence energy (EE) are defined to detect the motion of the target and extract the motion region at the same time. Instead of using a physical device such as a foot switch commonly used in speech dialogue systems, the begin/end of an utterance is detected from the movement of user's mouth in our system. Without recognizing the movement of lips directly, the shape variation of the region between lips is tracked for more stable recognition of the span of a dialogue. The tracking speed is about 10 frames/sec when no recognition is performed and about 5 frames/sec when both tracking and recognition are performed without using any special hardware.

In this paper, we illustrate the analysis of microstrip structures with a large number of unknowns using the sparse-matrix/canonical grid method. This fast Fourier thansform (FFT) based iterative method reduces both CPU time and computer storage memory requirements. We employ the Mixed-Potential Integral Equation (MPIE) formulation in conjunction with the RWG triangular discretization. The required spatial-domain Green's functions are obtained efficiently and accurately using the Complex Image Method (CIM). The impedance matrix is decomposed into a sparse matrix which corresponds to near interactions and its complementary matrix which corresponds to far interactions among the subsectional current elements on the microstrip structures. During the iterative process, the near-interaction portion of the matrix -vector multiplication is computed directly as the conventional MPIE formulation. The far-interaction portion of the matrix-vector multiplication is computed indirectly using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). This is achieved by a Taylor series expansion of the Green's function about the grid points of a uniformly-spaced canonical grid overlaying the triangular discretization.

The numerical property of the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm has been extensively, studied. However, very few investigations are reported concerning the numerical behavior of the predictor-based least squares (PLS) algorithms which provide the same least squares solutions as the RLS algorithm. In Ref. [9], we gave a comparative study on the numerical performances of the RLS and the backward PLS (BPLS) algorithms. It was shown that the numerical property of the BPLS algorithm is much superior to that of the RLS algorithm under a finite-precision arithmetic because several main instability sources encountered in the RLS algorithm do not appear in the BPLS algorithm. This paper theoretically shows the stability of the BPLS algorithm by error propagation analysis. Since the time-variant nature of the BPLS algorithm, we prove the stability of the BPLS algorithm by using the method as shown in Ref. [6]. The expectation of the transition matrix in the BPLS algorithm is analyzed and its eigenvalues are shown to have values within the unit circle. Therefore we can say that the BPLS algorithm is numerically stable.

The integral kernel expansion method is applied to an analysis of scattering of magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs) by an array with any number of metal strips. In this method, first the integral kernel of the Fourier integral is expanded in terms of orthogonal polynomials to obtain moment equations. Then a system of algebraic equations is derived by applying the Galerkin's method. In the process, interaction between strips is naturally taken into account and real current distributions on the strips are determined such that boundary conditions are satisfied. Calculus confirmation through the energy conservation principle shows that numerical results are quite satisfactory. A comparison shows that theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental ones except the vicinity of lower and upper limits of the MSFVW band. It is shown that an infinite number of propagation modes is excited even if a wave of single mode is incident. Dependence of the scattering on dimension of arrays and on frequency and mode of an incident wave is obtained.

Recently, Smith and Lennon proposed a new public key cryptosystem, called LUC, which uses the Lucas function as the one-way function in their cryptographic mechanisms instead of using the exponentiation function. They conjectured that LUC is cryptographically stronger than RSA in 1993. Since then, many weaknesses of LUC have been discoverd, e. g., similar to RSA, LUC also suffers from the chosen-message attacks and the evaluation in LUC is slightly less efficient than that in RSA. In this paper, we analyze another possible weakness of LUC that was not pointed out before. We show that the number of messages which cannot be concealed in LUC is at least as the same as that in RSA regardless of the choice of public keys. In particular, in many cases, the number of messages which cannot be concealed in LUC is greater than that in RSA. This implies that the choice of public keys in LUC needs more limitations than that used in RSA. Our results are useful to designers who consider to use LUC type systems.

The H-polarized diffraction by a wedge consisting of perfect conductor and lossless dielectric is investigated by employing the dual integral equations. Its physical optics diffraction coefficients are expressed in a finite series of cotangent functions weighted by the Fresnel reflection coefficients. A correction rule is extracted from the difference between the diffraction coefficients of the physical optics field and those of the exact solution to a perfectly conducting wedge. The angular period of the cotangent functions is changed to satisfy the edge condition at the tip of the wedge, and the poles of the cotangent functions are relocated to cancel out the incident field in the artificially complementary region. Numerical results assure that the presented correction is highly effective for reducing the error posed in the physical optics solution.

Polarization transformation characteristics of a statified slab consisting of uniaxial chiral layers are investigated. It is assumed that a plane electromagnetic wave with arbitrary polarization is normally incident from free space on the stratified slab, which is located on a dielectric substrate. Note that the electric field inside a uniaxial chiral layer is expressed as a sum of four plane waves with different wavenumbers. The wavenumbers are found by seeking non-trivial solutions of the constitutive relations with Maxwell's equations. The electric field components of the transmitted and reflected waves can be obtained from a chainmatrix formalism. The powers and the Stokes parameters of the two waves are represented in terms of their electric field components. As is well known, the Stokes parameters uniquely describe every possible state of polarization of a plane wave. Numerical results are presented for two types of uniaxial chiral structure. The cross- and co-polarized powers and the Stokes parameters of the transmitted and reflected waves are computed for the incident plane wave of linear polarization. The results demonstrate a significant polarization transformation of the transmitted wave. Then it is shown that the stratified slab can be used as efficient polarization-transformation transmission filters active at some frequency band.

In this paper, we examine a new initial symbol acquisition method for M-ary spread-spectrum (M-ary/SS) signals that are affected by large carrier frequency offset. By the effect of the carrier frequency offset, preamble signal energy is dispersed to the undersired outputs. The proposed method is based on the collection of such dispersed signal energies by using reference patterns. The reference patterns are constructed by using the characteristic of Hadamard code sequences. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of mean acquisition time.

In this paper, we present a lower bound for the dimension of subfield subcodes of residue Goppa codes on the curve Cab, which exceeds the lower bound given by Stichtenoth when the number of check symbols is not small. We also give an illustrative example which shows that the proposed bound for the dimension of certain residue Goppa code exceeds the true dimension of a BCH code with the same code length and designed distance.

The EMC-adequate design of microelectronic systems includes all actions intended to eliminate electromagnetic interference in electronic systems. Challenges faced in the microelectronic area include a growing system complexity, high integration levels and higher operating speeds at all levels of integration (chip, MCM, printed circuit board and system). The growing complexity, denser design and higher speed all lead to a substantial increase in EMC problems and accordingly the design time. EMC is not commonly accepted as a vital topic in microelectronic design. Microelectronic designers often are of the opinion that EMC is limited to electrical and electronic systems and the mandatory product regulations instead of setting requirements also for the integrated circuit they are designing. In this contribution a concept for an EMC-adequate design of electronic systems will be introduced. This concept is based on a generalized development process to integrate EMC-constraints into the system design. A prototype of an environment to analyse signal integrity effects on PCB based on a workflow oriented integration approach will be presented. Based on this approach the generation of user specific design and analysis environments including various set of EMC-tools is possible.

The purpose of this report is to predict far-field EMI spectrum emitted from a signal line on a digital PCB based on near-field EMI measurement. The relation between near magnetic field and far electric field is shown. A method of predicting far electric field from near magnetic field is proposed. Current flowing along a signal line is calculated from measured near magnetic field. Far electric field is estimated from the current. Measurement and prediction of EM emission are carried out using a simple PCB. The result of prediction and measurement of far-field EMI spectrum coincide within the error of 3 dB.

In this paper an algorithm for numerical investigation of the transmission line having a generalized polygonal cross-section and open interface is proposed. Solution of the eigenmode problem is based on the method called the domain product technique, which employs a Mathieu function expansion and provides an efficient technique to the analysis of the structures with multiangular boundaries. An agreement at the obtained numerical results with existing data confirms the applicability of the theoretical analysis given in the paper.

We consider the upper bounds of the finite block length capacity Cn, FB (P) of the discrete time Gaussian channel with feedback. We prove the relation C2 (P) C2, FB (P) < C2 (2P), which is a partial solution of the conjecture given by Cover. In addition we prove several relations.