In Japan, research on spatial transmission Wireless Power Transfer/Transmission (WPT) for long-distance power transmission has been conducted ahead of the rest of the world; however, until 2022, there has been no category under the Radio Law, and it has been treated as an experimental station. The authors are working on Japanese institutionalization (revision of ministerial ordinances) and global standardization of this spatial transmission WPT for social implementation. This paper describes the Japanese and international institutionalization and standardization trends. In addition, as the latest trend in R&D trends, as the next step of institutionalization, the author introduces two national projects that are being worked on by industry, academia, and government for Step 2, which can be used for a wider range of applications by relaxing the scope of use and restrictions from Step 1, which has various restrictions. The first is about the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) Phase 2. In SIP Phase 2, we conducted R&D on “WPT system for sensor networks and mobile devices”. This R&D is research on detecting and avoiding people so that radio exposure does not exceed protection guidelines and detecting incumbent radios and avoiding harmful interference so that more power can be transmitted under coexistence conditions. The other is “Research and Development for Expansion of Radio Resources” to be conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), which is scheduled for four years from FY2022. This is also a more concrete research and development project for Step 2 institutionalization, along with the results of the SIP mentioned above.

This study introduces a novel single-diode rectenna, enhancing the rf-dc conversion efficiency using harmonic control of the antenna impedance. We employ source-pull simulations encompassing the fundamental frequency and the harmonics to achieve a highly efficient rectenna. The results of the source-pull simulations delineate the source-impedance ranges required for enhanced efficiency at each harmonic. Based on the source-pull simulation results, we designed two inverted-F antenna with input impedances within and without these identified source impedance ranges. Experimental results show that the proposed rectenna has a maximum rf-dc conversion efficiency of 75.9% at the fundamental frequency of 920 MHz, an input power of 10.8 dBm, and a load resistance of 1 kΩ, which is higher than that of the comparative rectenna without harmonic control of the antenna impedance. This study demonstrates that the proposed rectenna achieves high efficiency through the direct connection of the antenna and the single diode, along with harmonic control of the antenna impedance.

We propose microwave heating via electromagnetic coupling using zeroth-order resonators (ZORs) to extend the uniform heating area. ZORs can generate resonant modes with a wavenumber of 0, which corresponds to an infinite guide wavelength. Under this condition, uniform heating is expected because the resulting standing waves would not have nodes or antinodes. In the design proposed in this paper, two ZORs fabricated on dielectric substrates are arranged to face each other for electromagnetic coupling, and a sample placed between the resonators is heated. A single ZOR was investigated using a 3D electromagnetic simulator, and the resonant frequency and electric field distribution of the simulated ZOR were confirmed to be in good agreement with those of the fabricated ZOR. Simulations of two ZORs facing each other were then conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed system as a heating apparatus. It was found that a resonator spacing of 25 mm was suitable for uniform heating. Heating simulations of SiC and Al2O3 sheets were performed with the obtained structure. The heating uniformity was evaluated by the width L50% over which the power loss distribution exceeds half the maximum value. This evaluation index was equal to 0.397λ0 for SiC and 0.409λ0 for Al2O3, both of which exceed λ0/4, the distance between a neighboring node and antinode of a standing wave, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength. Therefore, the proposed heating apparatus is effective for uniform microwave heating. Because of the different electrical parameters of the heated materials, SiC can be easily heated, whereas Al2O3 heats little. Finally, heating experiments were performed on each of these materials. Good uniformity in temperature was obtained for both SiC and Al2O3 sheets.

An output voltage estimation and regulation system for a wireless power transfer (WPT) circuit is proposed. Since the fluctuation of a coupling condition and/or a load may vary the voltage supplied with WPT resulting in a malfunction of wireless-powered devices, the output voltage regulation is needed. If the output voltage is regulated by a voltage regulator in a secondary side of the WPT circuit with fixed input power, the voltage regulator wastes the power to regulate the voltage. Therefore the output voltage regulation using a primary-side control, which adjusts the input power depending on the load and/or the coupling condition, is a promising approach for efficient regulation. In addition, it is desirable to eliminate feedback loop from the secondary side to the primary side from the viewpoint of reducing power dissipation and system complexity. The proposed system can estimate and regulate the output voltage independent of both the coupling and the load variation without the feedback loop. An usable range of the coupling coefficient and the load is improved compared to previous works. The validity of the proposed system is confirmed by the SPICE simulator.

Many nodes in Internet of Things (IoT) rely on batteries for power. Additionally, the demand for executing compute-intensive and latency-sensitive tasks is increasing for IoT nodes. In some practical scenarios, the computation tasks of WDs have the non-separable characteristic, that is, binary offloading strategies should be used. In this paper, we focus on the design of an efficient binary offloading algorithm that minimizes system energy consumption (EC) for TDMA-based wireless-powered multi-access edge computing networks, where WDs either compute tasks locally or offload them to hybrid access points (H-APs). We formulate the EC minimization problem which is a non-convex problem and decompose it into a master problem optimizing binary offloading decision and a subproblem optimizing WPT duration and task offloading transmission durations. For the master problem, a DRL based method is applied to obtain the near-optimal offloading decision. For the subproblem, we firstly consider the scenario where the nodes do not have completion time constraints and obtain the optimal analytical solution. Then we consider the scenario with the constraints. By jointly using the Golden Section Method and bisection method, the optimal solution can be obtained due to the convexity of the constraint function. Simulation results show that the proposed offloading algorithm based on DRL can achieve the near-minimal EC.

This paper formulates a class-E synchronous RF rectifier from a new viewpoint. The key point is to introduce a matrix and convolute the DC terms into RF matrices. The explicit expression of input impedance is demonstrated in plane geometry. We find out their input impedance exhibits a geodesic arc in hyperbolic geometry under ZVS operation, where the theoretical RF-DC conversion efficiency results in 100%. We verify the developed theory both numerically (circuit simulation) and experimentally (6.78MHz, 100W). We confirm that the input impedance becomes a geodesic arc for a wide range of DC load resistance. The presented theory is quite elegant since it is based on a matrix-based formulation and plane-geometrical expression.

The performance of a fully wireless-power-transfer (WPT) node network, in which each node transfers (and receives) energy through a wireless channel when it has sufficient (and insufficient) energy in its battery, was theoretically analyzed. The lost job ratio (LJR), namely, is the ratio of (i) the amount of jobs that cannot be done due to battery of a node running out to (ii) the amount of jobs that should be done, is used as a performance metric. It describes the effect of the battery of each node running out and how much additional energy is needed. Although it is known that WPT can reduce the probability of the battery running out among a few nodes within a small area, the performance of a fully WPT network has not been clarified. By using stochastic geometry and first-passage-time analysis for a diffusion process, the expected LJR was theoretically derived. Numerical examples demonstrate that the key parameters determining the performance of the network are node density, threshold switching of statuses between “transferring energy” and “receiving energy,” and the parameters of power conversion. They also demonstrate the followings: (1) The mean energy stored in the node battery decreases in the networks because of the loss caused by WPT, and a fully WPT network cannot decrease the probability of the battery running out under the current WPT efficiency. (2) When the saturation value of power conversion increases, a fully WPT network can decrease the probability of the battery running out although the mean energy stored in the node battery still decreases in the networks. This result is explained by the fact that the variance of stored energy in each node battery becomes smaller due to transfer of energy from nodes of sufficient energy to nodes of insufficient energy.

The transfer distance of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system with relay coil is longer, so this technology have a better practical perspective. But the location of the relay coil has a great impact on the transmission efficiency of the WPT system, and it is not easy to analyze. In order to research the influence law of the relay coil location on the transmission efficiency and obtain the optimal location, the paper firstly proposes the concept of relay coil location factor. And based on the location factor, a novel method for studying the influence of the relay coil location on the transmission efficiency is proposed. First, the mathematical model between the transmission efficiency and the location factor is built. Next, considering the transfer distance, coil radius, coil turns and load resistance, a lot of simulations are carried out to analyze the influence of the location factor on the transmission efficiency, respectively. The influence law and the optimal location factor were obtained with different parameters. Finally, a WPT system with relay coil was built for experiments. And the experiment results verify that the theoretical analysis is correct and the proposed method can simplify the analysis progress of the influence of relay coil location on the transmission efficiency. Moreover, the proposed method and the research conclusions can provide guidance for designing the multiple coils structure WPT system.

In recent years, microwave wireless power transfer (WPT) has attracted considerable attention due to the increasing demand for various sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Microwave WPT requires technology that can detect and avoid human bodies in the transmission path. Using a phantom is essential for developing such technology in terms of standardization and human body protection from electromagnetic radiation. In this study, a simple and lightweight phantom was developed focusing on its radar cross-section (RCS) to evaluate human body avoidance technology for use in microwave WPT systems. The developed phantom's RCS is comparable to that of the human body.

In order to improve crop production and efficiency of farming operations, an IoT (Internet of Things) system for remote monitoring has been attracting a lot of attention. The existing studies have proposed agricultural sensing systems such that environmental information is collected from many sensor nodes installed in farmland through wireless communications (e.g., Wi-Fi, ZigBee). Especially, Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) is a focus as a candidate for wireless communication that enables the support of vast farmland for a long time. However, it is difficult to achieve long distance communication even when using the LPWA because a clear line of sight is difficult to keep due to many obstacles such as crops and agricultural machinery in the farmland. In addition, a sensor node cannot run permanently on batteries because the battery capacity is not infinite. On the other hand, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that can move freely and stably in the sky has been leveraged for agricultural sensor network systems. By utilizing a UAV as the gateway of the sensor network, the gateway can move to the appropriate location to ensure a clear line of sight from the sensor nodes. In addition, the coverage area of the sensor network can be expanded as the UAV travels over a wide area even when short-range and ultra-low-power wireless communication (e.g., Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)) is adopted. Furthermore, various wireless technologies (e.g., wireless power transfer, wireless positioning) that have the possibility to improve the coverage area and the lifetime of the sensor network have become available. Therefore, in this study, we propose and develop two kinds of new agricultural sensing systems utilizing a UAV and various wireless technologies. The objective of the proposed system is to provide the solution for achieving the wide-area and long-term sensing for the vast farmland. Depending on which problem is in a priority, the proposed system chooses one of two designs. The first design of the system attempts to achieve the wide-area sensing, and so it is based on the LPWA for wireless communication. In the system, to efficiently collect the environmental information, the UAV autonomously travels to search for the locations to maintain the good communication properties of the LPWA to the sensor nodes dispersed over a wide area of farmland. In addition, the second design attempts to achieve the long-term sensing, so it is based on BLE, a typical short-range and ultra-low-power wireless communication technology. In this design, the UAV autonomously flies to the location of sensor nodes and supplies power to them using a wireless power transfer technology for achieving a battery-less sensor node. Through experimental evaluations using a prototype system, it is confirmed that the combination of the UAV and various wireless technologies has the possibility to achieve a wide-area and long-term sensing system for monitoring vast farmland.

This study proposes a new structure of a single-shunt rectifier circuit that can reduce circuit loss and improve efficiency over the conventional structure. The proposed structure can provide impedance matching to the measurement system (or receiving antenna) without the use of conventional matching circuits, such as stubs and tapers. The proposed structure can simultaneously perform full-wave rectification and impedance matching by placing a feeding point on the output filter's λ/4 transmission line. We use circuit simulation to compare the RF-DC conversion efficiency and circuit loss of the conventional and proposed structures. The simulation results show that the proposed structure has lower circuit loss and higher RF-DC conversion efficiency than the conventional structure. We fabricate the proposed rectifier circuit using a GaAs Schottky barrier diode. The simulation and measurement results show that the single-shunt rectifier circuit's proposed structure is capable of rectification and impedance matching. The fabricated rectifier circuit's RF-DC conversion efficiency reaches a maximum of 91.0%. This RF-DC conversion efficiency is a world record for 920-MHz band rectifier circuits.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), wireless power transfer (WPT) has been studied as an energy-harvesting technique for prolonging their network lifetime. The WPT can supply power resources to sensor nodes (SNs) wirelessly, however, the reception (harvesting) power at SNs depends on their distance from a WPT equipment (WPTE), leading to the location-dependent non-uniformity in the reception power among SNs. For the fixed-located WPTE, SNs distant from the WPTE suffer from insufficient reception power. To handle this problem, this paper proposes a novel network structure introducing multiple hybrid access points (HAPs), which equip two functions of conventional cluster head function, including data collection and relay transmission, and WPT function. Then, these HAPs take terms providing both functions. By periodically rotating the HAP providing the WPT function, the location of the WPTE can be changed, which reduces the non-uniformity in the SN reception power. Also, this paper proposes a clustering scheme based on the residual power at SNs to reduce their power depletion under the proposed network structure. The evaluation results through computer simulation show that the proposed system reduces the non-uniformity in the SN reception power and the power depletion at the SNs and then improves the data collection rate, compared with the conventional systems.

In this paper, a high-efficiency high-power rectenna with a bridge diode and the diode on antenna (DoA) topology is discussed. First, the topologies of rectifiers and rectennas are discussed to indicate the direction for obtaining highly efficient rectification. Rectifiers with well-matched diode pairs, as double voltage and bridge rectifiers, can reactively terminate even order harmonics, and is suitable for highly efficient operation. A rectenna with the DoA topology is suitable for a direct connection between the highly functional antenna and the rectifier diodes to remove lossy circuit portions. Next, the formulas for the rectification efficiency of the bridge rectifier are demonstrated with the behavioral model. The indicated formulas clarify the fundamental limitation on the rectification efficiency, which is the design goal in case of the DoA topology. Finally, we demonstrate a 5.8 GHz band 1 W rectenna with the bridge diode and the DoA topology. The bridge rectifier that is directly connected to the inductive high-impedance antenna achieved a rectification efficiency of 92.8% at an input power of 1 W. This is close to the fundamental limitation due to the diode performance.

Couplers in a film-type capacitive wireless power charging (CWC) system for an implantable medical device were designed and analyzed in this work. Due to the high conductivity of the human body, two paths contribute to the power transmission, namely a high-frequency current and an electric field. This was confirmed by an equivalent circuit of the system. During analysis of the system, we used pig skin with subcutaneous fat, which has a high affinity with the human body, to search for a highly efficient electrode shape. Subsequently, we fabricated the designed coupler and measured ηmax. An ηmax of 56.6% was obtained for a half-circular coupler with a radius of 20 mm and a distance of 10 mm between adjacent couplers. This study will contribute to the realization of implantable devices that can be recharged during breaks or while sleeping at home and is expected to significantly reduce the burden on patients.

This paper presents a design method of a two-hop wireless power transfer (WPT) system for installing on a robot arm. The class-E inverter and the class-D rectifier are used on the transmission and receiving sides, respectively, in the proposed WPT system. Analytical equations for the proposed WPT system are derived as functions of the geometrical and physical parameters of the coils, such as the outer diameter and height of the coils, winding-wire diameter, and number of turns. Using the analytical equations, we can optimize the WPT system to obtain the design values with the theoretically highest power-delivery efficiency under the size limitation of the robot arm. The circuit experiments are in quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions obtained from the analysis, indicating the validity of the analysis and design method. The experimental prototype achieved 83.6% power-delivery efficiency at 6.78MHz operating frequency and 39.3W output power.

To realize a stable and efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) system that can be used in any environment, it is necessary to inspect the influence of environmental interference along the power transmission path of the WPT system. In this paper, attempts have been made to reduce the influence of the medium with a dielectric and conductive loss on the WPT system using spiral resonators for resonator-coupled type wireless power transfer (RC-WPT) system. An important element of the RC-WPT system is the resonators because they improve resonant characteristics by changing the shape or combination of spiral resonators to confine the electric field that mainly causes electrical loss in the system as much as possible inside the resonator. We proposed a novel dual-spiral resonator as a candidate and compared the basic characteristics of the RC-WPT system with conventional single-spiral and dual-spiral resonators. The parametric values of the spiral resonators, such as the quality factors and the coupling coefficients between resonators with and without a lossy medium in the power transmission path, were examined. For the lossy mediums, pure water or tap water filled with acryl bases was used. The maximum transmission efficiency of the RC-WPT system was then observed by tuning the matching condition of the system. Following that, the transmission efficiency of the system with and without lossy medium was investigated. These inspections revealed that the performance of the RC-WPT system with the lossy medium using the modified shape spiral resonator, which is the dual-spiral resonator proposed in our laboratory, outperformed the system using the conventional single-spiral resonator.

Research on wireless power transmission technology is being actively conducted, and studies on spatial transmission methods such as SSPS are currently underway for applications such as power transfer to the upper part of steel towers and power transfer to flying objects such as drones. To enable such applications, it is necessary to examine the configuration of the power-transfer and power-receiving antennas and to improve the RF-DC conversion efficiency (hereinafter referred to as conversion efficiency) of the rectifier circuit on the power-receiving antenna. To improve the conversion efficiency, various methods that utilize full-wave rectification rather than half-wave rectification have been proposed. However, these come with problems such as a complicated circuit structure, the need for additional capacitors, the selection of components at high frequencies, and a reduction in mounting yield. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the conversion efficiency by loading a high-impedance microstrip line as a feedback line in part of the rectifier circuit. We analyzed a class-F rectifier circuit using circuit analysis software and found that the conversion efficiency of the conventional configuration was 54.2%, but the proposed configuration was 69.3%. We also analyzed a measuring circuit made with a discrete configuration in the 5.8-GHz band and found that the conversion efficiency was 74.7% at 24dBm input.

The impedance expansion method (IEM) is a circuit-modeling technique for electrically small devices based on the method of moments. In a previous study, a circuit model of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system was developed by utilizing the IEM and eigenmode analysis. However, this technique assumes that all the coupling elements (e.g., feeding loops and resonant coils) are in the absence of neighboring scatters (e.g., bodies of vehicles). This study extends the theory of the IEM to obtain the circuit model of a WPT system in the vicinity of a perfectly conducting scatterer (PCS). The numerical results show that the proposed method can be applied to the frequencies at which the dimension of the PCS is less than approximately a quarter wavelength. In addition, the yielded circuit model is found to be valid at the operating frequency band.

This paper proposes and demonstrates a 65nm CMOS process cascode single-inductor-dual-output (SIDO) boost converter whose outputs are Li-ion battery and 1V low voltage supply for RF wireless power transfer (WPT) receiver. The 1V power supply is used for internal control circuits to reduce power consumption. In order to withstand 4.2V Li-ion battery output, cascode 2.5V I/O PFETs are used at the power stage. On the other hand, to generate 1V while maintaining 4.2V tolerance at 1V output, cascode 2.5V I/O NFETs output stage is proposed. Measurement results show conversion efficiency of 87% at PIN=7mW, ILOAD=1.6mA and VBAT=4.0V, and 89% at PIN=7.9mW, ILOAD=2.1mA and VBAT=3.4V.

This paper proposes a single coil active shielding method of wireless unmanned aerial vehicle charger for leakage magnetic field reduction. A proposed shielding system eliminates the leakage magnetic field generated from the transmitting and receiving coils by generating the cancelling magnetic field. In order to enhance shielding effectiveness and preserve power transfer efficiency, shielding coil design parameters including radius and turns will analyze. Based on the analysis of coil design, shielding effectiveness and power transfer efficiency will estimate. In addition, shielding current control method corresponding to leakage magnetic field strength and phase will describe. A proposed shielding system has verified by simulations and experiments in terms of the total shielding effectiveness and power transfer efficiency measurements. The simulation and experimental results show that a proposed active shielding system has achieved 68.85% of average leakage magnetic field reduction with 1.92% of power transfer efficiency degradation. The shielding effectiveness and power transfer efficiency variation by coil design has been experimentally verified.